tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45175211546916022572024-03-06T01:17:37.856-08:00نیستانMaziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.comBlogger65125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-77796466700058577572024-01-09T02:38:00.000-08:002024-01-09T02:38:29.357-08:00Poets & Writers 2<p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">JOHN DRYDEN<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1631 –
1700)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dryden is the commanding
literary figure of the last four decades of the seventeenth century.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He is the least personal of the
poets, a citizen of the world commenting publicly on matters of public
concern.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His first important poem,
“Heroic stanzas” (1659), was written to commemorate the death of Cromwell.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The next year, however, in
“Astraea Redux,” Dryden joined his countrymen in celebrating the return of
Charles II to his throne.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His nondramatic poems are most
typically occasional poems, which commemorate particular events of a
public character. They are not written for the self but for the nation.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dryden’s principal achievements
in this form are:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The two poems on the king’s
return and his coronation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Annus Mirabilis </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1667), which celebrates the
English naval victory over the Dutch and the fortitude of people of
London and the king during the Great Fire, both events of that “wonderful
year,” 1666.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The political poems<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The lines on the death of
Oldham (1684)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Odes such as “Alexander’s
Feast.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His one great tragedy, <i>All
for Love </i>(1677), in blank verse, adapts Shakespeare’s <i>Antony
and Cleopatra </i>to the unities of time, place and action.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As his <i>Essay of Dramatic
Poesy </i>(1668) shows, Dryden had studied the works of the great
playwrights of Greece and Rome, of the English Renaissance, and of
contemporary France, seeking sound theoretical principles on which to
construct the new drama that the age demanded.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Samuel Johnson called Dryden:
“The father of English criticism.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A quarrel with playwright Thomas
Shadwell prompted the mock-heroic episode “Mac Flecknoe”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Out of the stresses occasioned
by the Popish Plot (1678) and its political aftermath came his major
political satires, <i>Absalom and Achitophel </i>(1681), and
“The Medal” (1682), his final attack on the villain of <i>Absalom and
Achitophel</i>, the earl of Shaftesbury.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">94<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Restoration and the Eighteenth Century (1660 – 1785)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1682 he published <i>Religio
Laici</i>, a poem in which he examined the grounds of his religious faith
and defended the middle way of the Anglican Church against the rationalism
of Deism on the one hand and the authoritarianism of Rome on the other.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">From his new position as a Roman
Catholic, Dryden wrote in 1687 <i>The Hind and the Panther</i>, in
which a milk-white Hind (the Roman Church) and a spotted Panther (the
Anglican Church) eloquently debate theology. The Hind has the better of
the argument, but Dryden already knew that James’s policies were failing,
and with them the Catholic cause in England.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">To earn a living, he resumed
writing plays and turned to translations. In 1693 appeared his versions of
Juvenal and Persius, with a long dedicatory epistle on satire; and in
1697, his greatest achievement in this mode, the works of Virgil.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Two months before his death,
came the <i>Fables Ancient and Modern</i>, prefaced by one of the
finest of his critical essays and made up of translations from Ovid,
Boccaccio, and Chaucer.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dryden’s foremost achievement
was to bring the pleasures of literature to the ever-increasing reading
public of Britain.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Although Dryden’s plays went out
of fashion, his poems did not.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His satire inspired the most
brilliant verse satirist of the next century, Alexander Pope, and the
energy and variety of his metrics launched the long-standing vogue of
heroic couplets.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Augustan style is at its best in
his poems: lively, dignified, precise, and always musical— a flexible
instrument of public speech.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">JOHN BUNYAN (1628-1688)<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">John Bunyan is one of the most
remarkable figures in seventeenth-century literature.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The son of a poor
Bedfordshire tinker (a maker and mender of metal pots), Bunyan received
only meager schooling and then learned his father’s craft.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nothing in the circumstances
of his early life could have suggested that he would become a writer
known the world over.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Grace Abounding to the Chief
of Sinners </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1666), his spiritual autobiography, records his transformation
from a self-doubting sinner into an eloquent and fearless Baptist
preacher.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Preachers, both male and
female, often even less educated than Bunyan, were common phenomena
among the sects during the Commonwealth.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">They wished no ordination but
the “call,” and they could dispense with learning because they abounded
in inspiration, inner light, and the gifts conferred by the Holy
Spirit.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In November 1660, the Anglican
Church began to persecute and silence the dissenting sects. Jails filled
with unlicensed Nonconformist preachers, and Bunyan was one of the
prisoners.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It was during a second
imprisonment, in 1675, when the Test Act was once again rigorously
enforced against Nonconformists, that he wrote his greatest work,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Pilgrim’s Progress from
This World to That Which Is to Come </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1678), revised and
augmented in the third edition (1679).<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bunyan was a prolific writer:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">part 2 of <i>The
Pilgrim’s Progress,</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">dealing with the journey of
Christian’s wife and children, appeared in 1684;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Life and Death of Mr.
Badman, </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">in
1680;<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Holy War</span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">, in 1682.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">And these major works form
only a small part of all his writings.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">97<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline
of The Norton Anthology of English Literature Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Pilgrim’s Progress </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">is the most popular allegory
in English.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Its basic metaphor—life is a
journey—is simple and familiar;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the objects that the pilgrim
Christian meets are homely and commonplace:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a quagmire, the highway, the
bypaths and shortcuts through pleasant meadows, the inn, the steep
hill, the town fair on market day, and the river that must be forded.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Moreover, this is a tale of
adventure.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If the road that Christian
travels is the King’s Highway, it is also a perilous path along which
we encounter giants, wild beasts, hobgoblins, and the terrible
Apollyon, “the angel of the bottomless pit,” whom Christian must
fight.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bunyan keeps the tale firmly
based on human experience, and his style, modeled on the prose of the
English Bible, together with his concrete language and carefully
observed details, enables even the simplest reader to share the
experiences of the characters.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Pilgrim’s Progress </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">is no longer a household book,
but it survives in the phrases it gave to our language:<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“the slough of despond,”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“the house beautiful,”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Mr. Worldly-Wiseman,” and
“Vanity Fair.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">And it lives again for
anyone who reads beyond the first page.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">98<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Restoration and the Eighteenth Century (1660 – 1785)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">JOHN
LOCKE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1632-1704)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">John Locke’s <i>Essay
Concerning Human Understanding </i>(1690)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">is “a history-book,”
according to Laurence Sterne, “of what passes in a man’s own mind.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Like Montaigne’s essays, it
aims to explore the human mind in general by closely watching one
particular mind.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When Locke analyzed his ideas,
the ways they were acquired and put together, he found they were clear
when they were based on direct experience and adequate when they were
clear.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Usually, it appeared,
problems occurred when basic ideas were blurred or confused or did not
refer to anything determinate.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Thus a critical analysis of
the ideas in an individual mind could lead straight to a rule about
adequate ideas in general and the sort of subject where adequate ideas
were possible.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On the basis of such a limitation,
individuals might reach rational agreement with one another and so set
up an area of natural law, within which a common rule of understanding
was available.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Locke’s new “way of ideas”
strikes a humble, antidogmatic note, but readers quickly perceived its
far-reaching implications.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">By basing knowledge on the
ideas immediately “before the mind,” Locke comports with and helps
codify the movement of his times away from the authority of traditions
of medieval, scholastic philosophy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Locke indirectly accepts the
Christian scriptures in the <i>Essay </i>in the midst of his
famous critique of “enthusiasm,” the belief in private revelation, but
his main impulse is to restrain rather than to encourage religious
speculations.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His fullest theological
work, <i>The Reasonableness of Christianity, </i>1695, argues
that scriptural revelation is necessary for right-thinking people but
not incompatible with ordinary reasonable beliefs gathered from
personal experience and history.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">99<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline
of The Norton Anthology of English Literature Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Locke argues that a person’s
sense of selfhood derives not from the “identity of soul” but rather
from “consciousness of present and past actions”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I am myself now because I
remember my past, not because a unique substance (“me”) underlies
everything I experience.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This account drew critical
responses from numerous distinguished thinkers throughout the
eighteenth century<i>, </i>notably Bishop Joseph Butler
(1692-1752).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lock spent his life in
thought.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lock’s background and
connections were all with the Puritan movement, but he was disillusioned
early with the enthusiastic moods and persecutions to which he found the
Puritans prone.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Having a small but steady
private income, he became a student, chiefly at Oxford, learning enough
medicine to act as a physician, holding an occasional appointive office,
but never allowing any of these activities to limit his controlling
passion:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the urge to think.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When times are turbulent, so
much discretion is suspicious in itself, and Locke found it convenient
to go abroad for several years during the 1680s.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He lived quietly in Holland
and pursued his thoughts.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Glorious Revolution of
1688-89 and the accession of William III brought him back to England
and made possible the publication of the <i>Essay, </i>on
which he had been working for many years.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Its publication foreshadowed
the coming age, not only in the positive ideas that the book advanced
but in the quiet way it set aside as insoluble a range of problems
about absolute authority and absolute assurance that had torn society
apart earlier in the seventh century.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">DANIEL
DEFOE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(ca. 1660
– 1731)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">By birth, education, and occupations
Daniel Defoe was a stranger to the sphere of refined tastes and classical
learning that dominated polite literature during his lifetime.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Middle class in his birth,
Presbyterian in his religion, Defoe belonged among the hardy Nonconformist
tradesfolk who, after the Restoration, slowly increased their wealth and
toward the end of the seventeenth century began to achieve political
importance.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He began adult life as a small
merchant and for a while prospered, but he was not overscrupulous in his
dealings, and in 1692 he found himself bankrupt, with debts amounting to
£17,000.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Defoe’s restless mind was
fertile in “projects,” both for himself and for the country, and his itch
for politics made the role of passive observer impossible for him.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An ardent Whig, Defoe first
gained notoriety by political verses and pamphlets, and for one of them,
“The Shortest Way with the Dissenters” (1702), in which he ironically
defended Anglican oppression, he stood in the pillory three times and was
sentenced to jail.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is characteristic of Defoe
that, after the fall of the Tories in 1714, he went over to the triumphant
Whigs and served them as loyally as he had their enemy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When he was nearly sixty,
Defoe’s energy and inventiveness enabled him to break new ground, indeed
to begin a new career.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Robinson Crusoe, </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">which appeared in 1719,<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">is the first of a series of
tales of adventure for which Defoe is now admired, but which brought him
little esteem from the polite world, however much they gratified the less
cultivated readers in the City or the servants’ hall.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">108<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Restoration and the Eighteenth Century (1660 – 1785)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In <i>Robinson
Crusoe </i>and other tales that followed, Defoe was able to use all
his greatest gifts:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the ability to re-create a
milieu vividly, through the cumulative effect of carefully observed,
often petty details;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a special skill in writing
easygoing prose, the language of actual speech, which seems to reveal
the consciousness of the first-person narrator;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a wide knowledge of the
society in which he lived, both the trading classes and the rogues who
preyed on them;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and an absorption in the
spectacle of lonely human beings, whether Crusoe on his island or Moll
Flanders in England and Virginia, somehow bending a stubborn and
indifferent environment to their own ends of survival or profits.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There is something of himself in
all his protagonists:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">enormous vitality, humanity,
and a scheming and sometimes sneaky ingenuity.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In these fictitious
autobiographies of adventurers or rogues:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Captain Singleton </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1720),<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Moll Flanders </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1722),<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Colonel Jack </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1722),<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and <i>Roxana </i>(1724)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Defoe spoke
for and to the members of his own class. Like them, he was engrossed by
property and success, and his way of writing made all he touched seem true.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">109<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline
of The Norton Anthology of English Literature<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Javidshad
& Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">JONATHAN
SWIFT (1667 – 1745)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonathan Swift—a posthumous
child—was born of English parents in Dublin.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Through the generosity of an
uncle he was educated at Kilkenny School and Trinity College, Dublin, but
before he could fix on a career, the troubles that followed upon James
II’s abdication and subsequent invasion of Ireland drove Swift along with
other Anglo-Irish to England.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Between 1689 and 1699 he was
more or less continuously a member of the household of his kinsman Sir
William Temple:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">an urbane, civilized man, a
retired diplomat, and a friend of King William.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">About 1696-97 he wrote his
powerful satires on corruptions in religion and learning, A<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tale of a Tub </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Battle of the Books,<o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">which were published in 1704
and reached their final form only in the fifth edition of 1710.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For the rest of his life, Swift
devoted his talents to politics and religion—not clearly separated at the
time—and most of his works in prose were written to further a specific
cause.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As a clergyman, a spirited
controversialist, and a devoted supporter of the Anglican Church, Swift
was hostile to all who seemed to threaten it:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Deists, freethinkers, Roman
Catholics, Nonconformists, or merely Whig politicians.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Welcomed by the Tories, Swift
became the most brilliant political journalist of the day, serving the
government of Oxford and Bolingbroke as:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">editor of the party organ,
the <i>Examiner,</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and author of its most powerful
articles as well as writing longer pamphlets in support of important
policies, such as that favoring the Peace of Utrecht (1713).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In Ireland, where he lived
unwillingly, he became not only an efficient ecclesiastical administrator
but also, in 1724, the leader of Irish resistance to English oppression.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">110<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Restoration and the Eighteenth Century (1660 – 1785)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Under the pseudonym “M. B.
Drapier,” he published the famous series of public letters that aroused
the country to refuse to accept £100,000 in new copper coins (minted in
England by William Wood, who had obtained his patent through court
corruption), which, it was feared, would further debase the coinage of the
already poverty-stricken kingdom.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Swift is still venerated in
Ireland as a national hero.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He earned the right to refer to
himself in the epitaph that he wrote for his tomb as a vigorous defender
of liberty.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Swift’s last years were less
happy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He had suffered most of his
adult life from what we now recognize as Meniere’s disease, which affects
the inner ear, causing dizziness, nausea, “and deafness.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">After 1739, when he was
seventy-two years old, his infirmities cut him off from his duties as
dean, and from then on his social life dwindled.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1742 guardians were
appointed to administer his affairs, and his last three years were spent
in gloom and lethargy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">But this dark ending should not
put his earlier life, so full of energy and humor, into a shadow. The
writer of the satires was a man in full control of great intellectual
powers.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Swift also had a gift for
friendship.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He was admired and loved by
many of the distinguished men of his time. His friendships with:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Joseph Addison, Alexander
Pope, John Arbuthnot, John Gay, Matthew Prior, Lord Oxford, and Lord
Bolingbroke<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Swift was not, despite some of
his writings, indifferent to women.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Esther Johnson (Swift’s
“Stella”) was the daughter of Temple’s steward, and when Swift first knew
her, she was little more than a child.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He educated her, formed her
character, and came to love her as he was to love no other person.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While working with the Tories
in London, he wrote letters to her, later published as <i>The
Journal to Stella </i>(1766), and they exchanged poems as well.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Whether they were secretly
married or never married—and in either case why—has been often debated.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An enigmatic account of his
relations with “Vanessa,” as he called Vanhomrigh, is given in his poem
“Cadenus and Vanessa.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">111<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline
of The Norton Anthology of English Literature Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For all his involvement in
public affairs, Swift seems to stand apart from his contemporaries:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a striking figure among the
statesmen of the time, a writer who towered above others by reason of his
imagination, mordant wit, and emotional intensity.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He has been called a
misanthrope, a hater of humanity, and <i>Gulliver’s Travels </i>has
been considered an expression of savage misanthropy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Swift was stating not his
hatred of his fellow creatures but his antagonism to the current
optimistic view that human nature is essentially good.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">To the “philanthropic” flattery
that sentimentalism and Deistic rationalism were paying to human nature,
Swift opposed a more ancient view:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">that human nature is deeply and
permanently flawed and that we can do nothing with or for the human race
until we recognize its moral and intellectual limitations.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In his epitaph Swift spoke of
the “fierce indignation” that had torn his heart, an indignation that
found superb expression in his greatest satires.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It was provoked by the constant
spectacle of creatures capable of reason, and therefore of reasonable
conduct, steadfastly refusing to live up to their capabilities.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Swift is a master of prose.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He defined a good style as
“proper words in proper places,” a more complex and difficult saying than
at first appears.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Clear, simple, concrete
diction;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">uncomplicated syntax;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and economy and conciseness of
language mark all his writings.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Swift’s style:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">shuns ornaments and singularity
of all kinds,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">grows more tense and controlled
the fiercer the indignation that it is called on to express.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The virtues of his prose are
those of his poetry, which shocks us with its hard look at the facts of
life and the body.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is unpoetic poetry, devoid
of, indeed as often as not mocking at, inspiration, romantic love,
cosmetic beauty, easily assumed literary attitudes, and conventional
poetic language.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Like the prose, it is
predominantly satiric in purpose, but not without its moments of comedy
and lightheartedness, though most often written less to divert than to
agitate the reader.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-66918685068691179192024-01-09T02:31:00.000-08:002024-01-09T02:31:04.852-08:00Poets & Writers 1<p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">JOHN DONNE (1572 – 1631)<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne began life as an
outsider, and in some respects remained one until death.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He was born in London in 1572
into a devout Roman Catholic household.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The family was prosperous,
but, as the poet later remarked, none had suffered more heavily for its
loyalty to the Catholic Church:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I have been ever kept awake
in a meditation of martyrdom.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne was distantly related
to the great Catholic humanist and martyr Sir Thomas More.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">John Donne’s poems abound with
startling images, some of them exalting and others grotesque.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">With his strange and playful
intelligence, expressed in puns, paradoxes, and the elaborately
sustained metaphors known as “conceits,” Donne has enthralled and
sometimes enraged readers from his day to our own.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The tired clichés of love
poetry:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">cheeks like roses,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">hearts pierced by the arrows
of love<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">emerge
reinvigorated and radically transformed by his hand, demanding from the reader
an unprecedented level of mental alertness and engagement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne prided himself on his wit
and displayed it not only in his conceits but in his grasp of learned and
obscure discourses ranging from theology to alchemy, from cosmology to
law. Yet for all their ostentatious intellectuality, Donne’s poems never
give the impression of being academic exercises put into verse. Rather,
they are intense dramatic monologues in which the speaker’s ideas and
feelings seem to shift and evolve from one line to the next.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">60<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Early
Seventeenth Century (1603 – 1660)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The poems that belong with
certainty to this period of his life (1590s)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The five satires and most of
the elegies:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">reveal a man both fascinated
by and keenly critical of English society.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Four of the satires:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">treat commonplace Elizabethan
topics—foppish and obsequious courtiers, bad poets, corrupt lawyers and
a corrupt court—but are unique both in their visceral revulsion and in
their intellectual excitement.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne uses striking images of
pestilence, itchy lust, vomit, excrement, and pox:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">to create a unique satiric
world, busy, vibrant, and corrupt, in which his dramatic speakers have
only to step outside the door to be inundated by all the fools and
knaves in Christendom.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne argues that honest
doubting search is better than the facile acceptance of any religious
tradition, epitomizing that point brilliantly in the image of Truth on a
high and craggy hill, very difficult to climb.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What is certain is that
society’s values are of no help whatsoever to the individual seeker.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the love elegies Donne seems
intent on making up for his social powerlessness through witty
representations of mastery in the bedroom and of adventurous travel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In “Elegy 16”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he imagines his speaker
embarking on a journey “O’er the white Alps” and with mingled
tenderness and condescension argues down a naive mistress’s proposal to
accompany him.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">And in “Elegy 19,”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">his fondling of a naked lover
becomes in a famous conceit the equivalent of exploration in America.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne’s interest in satire and
elegy—classical Roman genres, which he helped introduce to English
verse—is itself significant.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He wrote in English, but he
reached out to other traditions.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If Donne’s conversion to the
Church of England promised him security, social acceptance, and the
possibility of a public career, that promise was soon to be cruelly
withdrawn.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">To win the approval of James I,
he penned <i>Pseudo-Martyr </i>(1610), defending the king’s
insistence that Catholics take the Oath of Allegiance.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This set an irrevocable public
stamp on his renunciation of Catholicism, and Donne followed up with a
witty satire on the Jesuits, <i>Ignatius His Conclave </i>(1611).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the same period, he was
producing a steady stream of occasional poems for friends and patrons
such as:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Somerset (the king’s
favorite),<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the Countess of Bedford,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and Magdalen Herbert,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and for small coteries of
courtiers and ladies.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">61<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline
of The Norton Anthology of English Literature Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Like most gentlemen of his era,
Donne saw poetry as a polite accomplishment rather than as a trade or
vocation, and in consequence he circulated his poems in manuscript but
left most of them uncollected and unpublished.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1611 and 1612, however, he
published the first and second <i>Anniversaries </i>on the
death of the daughter of his patron Sir Robert Drury.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For some years King James had
urged an ecclesiastical career on Donne, denying him any other means of
advancement.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1615 Donne finally
consented, overcoming his sense of unworthiness and the pull of other
ambitions.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne’s metaphorical style,
bold erudition, and dramatic wit established him as a great preacher in
an age that appreciated learned sermons powerfully delivered.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As a distinguished clergyman in
the Church of England, Donne had traveled an immense distance from the
religion of his childhood and the adventurous life of his twenties.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In his sermons and late poems,
we find the same brilliant and idiosyncratic mind at work, refashioning
his profane conceits to serve a new and higher purpose.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In “Expostulation 19”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he praises God as the
greatest of literary stylists: “a figurative, a metaphorical God,”
imagining God as a conceit-maker like himself.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In poems, meditations, and
sermons, Donne came increasingly to be engaged in anxious contemplation
of his own mortality.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In “Hymn to God My God, in My
Sickness,”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne imagines himself spread
out on his deathbed like a map showing the route to the next world.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Only a few days before his
death he preached “Death’s Duel,”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a terrifying analysis of all
life as a decline toward death and dissolution, which contemporaries
termed his own funeral sermon.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On his deathbed, according to
his contemporary biographer Izaak Walton, Donne had a portrait made of
himself in his shroud and meditated on it daily.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Meditations upon skulls as
emblems of mortality were common in the period, but nothing is more
characteristic of Donne than to find a way to meditate on his own skull.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Given the shape of Donne’s
career, it is no surprise that his poems and prose works display an
astonishing variety of attitudes, viewpoints, and feelings on the great
subjects of love and religion.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Yet this variety cannot be
fully explained in biographical terms.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We do not know the time and
circumstances for most of Donne’s verses, but it is clear that many of
his finest religious poems predate his ordination, and it is possible
that he continued to add to the love poems known as his “songs and
sonnets” after he entered the church.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">62<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Early
Seventeenth Century (1603 – 1660)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne’s <i>Songs and
Sonnets</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">have been the cornerstone of
his reputation almost since their publication in 1633.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">title associates them with
the popular miscellanies of love poems and sonnet sequences in the
Petrarchan tradition, but they directly challenge the popular
Petrarchan sonnet sequences of the 1590s.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">contains only one formal
sonnet, the “songs” are not notably lyrical, and Donne draws upon and
transforms a whole range of literary traditions concerned with love.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Theological language abounds
in his love poetry, and daringly erotic images occur in his religious
verse.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Like Petrarch,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne can present himself as
the despairing lover of an unattainable lady (“The Funeral”);<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">like Ovid,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he can be lighthearted, witty,
cynical, and frankly lustful (“The Flea,” “The Indifferent”);<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">like the
Neoplatonists,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he espouses a theory of
transcendent love,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">but he
breaks from them with his insistence in many poems on the union of physical and
spiritual love.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne’s repeated insistence
that the private world of lovers is superior to the wider public world,
or that it somehow contains all of that world, or obliterates it, is
understandable in light of the many disappointments of his career.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Yet this was also a poet who
threw himself headlong into life, love, and sexuality, and later into
the very visible public role of court and city preacher.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne was long grouped with
Herbert, Vaughan, Crashaw, Marvell, Traherne, and Cowley under the
heading of “Metaphysical poets.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The expression was first
employed by critics like Samuel Johnson and William Hazlitt, who found
the intricate conceits and self-conscious learning of these poets
incompatible with poetic beauty and sincerity.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Early in the twentieth
century, T. S. Eliot sought to restore their reputation, attributing to
them a unity of thought and feeling that had since their time been lost.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There was, however, no formal
“school” of Metaphysical poetry, and the characteristics ascribed to it
by later critics pertain chiefly to Donne.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Like Ben Jonson, John Donne had
a large influence on the succeeding generation, but he remains a
singularity.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">63<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline
of The Norton Anthology of English Literature Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">BEN
JONSON (1572 – 1637)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson’s early life was tough
and turbulent.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The posthumous son of a London
clergyman, he was educated at Westminster School under the great
antiquarian scholar William Camden.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There he developed his love of
classical learning, but lacking the resources to continue his education,
Jonson was forced to turn to his stepfather’s trade of bricklaying, a
life he “could not endure.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1616 Ben Jonson published
his <i>Works, </i>to the derision of those astounded to see
mere plays and poems collected under the same title the king gave to his
political treatises.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Many of Jonson’s contemporaries
shied away from publication, either because,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">like Donne,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">they wrote for small coterie
audiences<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">or because,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">like Shakespeare,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">they wrote for theater
companies that preferred not to let go of the scripts.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson knew and admired both
Donne and Shakespeare and more than any Jacobean belonged to both of
their very different worlds, but in publishing his <i>Works </i>he
laid claim to an altogether higher literary status.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If he was not the first
professional author in England, he was the first to invest that role with
dignity and respectability.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His published <i>Works, </i>over
which he labored with painstaking care, testify to an extraordinary feat
of self-transformation.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He was imprisoned in 1597 for
collaborating with Thomas Nashe on the scandalous play <i>The Isle
of Dogs </i>(now lost), and shortly after his release he killed one
of his fellow actors in a duel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson escaped the gallows by
pleading benefit of clergy (a medieval privilege exempting felons who
could read Latin from the death penalty).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson’s fortunes improved with
the accession of James I, though not at once.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1603 he was called before
the Privy Council to answer charges of “popery and treason” found in his
play <i>Sejanus.</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">64<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Early
Seventeenth Century (1603 – 1660)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Little more than a year later
he was in jail again for his part in the play <i>Eastward Ho, </i>which
openly mocked the king’s Scots accent and propensity for selling
knighthoods.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1605 he received the
commission to organize the Twelfth Night entertainment;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Masque of Blackness<o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">was the first of twenty-four
masques he would produce for the court, most of them in collaboration
with the architect and scene designer Inigo Jones.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the same years that he was
writing the masques he produced his greatest works for the public
theater. His first successful play,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Every Man in His Humor </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1598),<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">had inaugurated the so-called
comedy of humors, which ridicules the eccentricities or passions of the
characters (thought to be caused by physiological imbalance).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He
capitalized on this success with the comedies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Volpone </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1606),<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Epicene </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1609),<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Alchemist </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1610),<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and <i>Bartholomew
Fair </i>(1614).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1605, when suspicion fell
upon him as a Catholic following the exposure of the Gunpowder Plot, he
showed his loyalty by agreeing to serve as a spy for the Privy Council.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Five years later he would
return to the Church of England.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Although he rose to a position
of eminent respectability, Jonson seems to have been possessed all his
life by a quarrelsome spirit.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Much of his best work emerged
out of fierce tensions with collaborators and contemporaries.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson poured invective on the
theater audiences when they failed, in his view, to appreciate his plays.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The failure of his play <i>The
New Inn </i>elicited his “Ode to Himself” (1629),<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a disgusted farewell to the
“loathed stage.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Yet even
after a stroke in 1629 left him partially paralyzed and confined to his home,
Jonson continued to write for the stage, and was at work on a new play when he
died in 1637.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In spite of his antagonistic
nature, Jonson had a great capacity for friendship.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His friends included
Shakespeare, Donne, Francis Bacon, and John Selden.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In later years he gathered
about himself a group of admiring younger men known as the “Sons of
Ben,”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">whose numbers included Robert
Herrick, Thomas Carew, and Sir John Suckling.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">65<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline
of The Norton Anthology of English Literature Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In “To Penshurst,” a
celebration of Robert Sidney’s country estate,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson offers an ideal image of
a social order in which a virtuous patriarchal governor offers ready
hospitality to guests of all stations, from poets to kings.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“To Penshurst,” together with
Aemilia Lanyer’s “Description of Cookham,”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">inaugurated the small genre of
the “country-house poem” in England.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson tried his hand, usually
with success, at a wide range of poetic genres, including:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">epitaph and epigram,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">love and funeral elegy,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">verse satire and verse letter,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">song and ode.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">More often than not he looked
back to classical precedents.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">From the Roman poets Horace
and Martial:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he derived not only generic
models but an ideal vision of the artist and society against which he
measured himself and the court he served.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The classical values Jonson
most admired are enumerated in “Inviting a Friend to Supper,” which<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">describes a dinner party
characterized by moderation, civility, graciousness, and pleasure that
delights without enslaving<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">all contrasting sharply with
the excess and licentiousness that marked the banquets and
entertainments of imperial Rome and Stuart England.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson’s best works seethe with
an almost uncontrollable imaginative energy and lust for abundance.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Even his profound classical
learning manifests this impulse.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Years of hardship had taught
Jonson to seek his feasts in his imagination, and he could make the most
mundane object the basis for flights of high fancy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Masque of Blackness<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">After James I and Queen Anne
ascended the English throne in 1603, they presided over the development
of the court masque as political entertainment, idealizing the Stuart
court as the embodiment of all perfections.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Blackness </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">established Jonson and Inigo Jones
as the chief makers of court masques for more than two decades.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson provided the words and
Jones the spectacle;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">over the years their rivalry
grew ever more intense.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Blackness </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">also began the tradition of
prodigiously expensive masques:<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the queen’s bills for it came
to around £5,000 (more than five hundred times what the young Jonson
would have made in a year as an apprentice bricklayer).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These entertainments were
customarily followed by an elaborate feast and all-night dancing (the
revels).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Court masques differed from
performances in the public theater in most respects.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Essentially an elaborate dance
form, the masque was a multimedia event combining songs, speech, richly
ornamented costumes and masks, shifting scene panels depicting elaborate
architecture and landscapes, and intricate machines in which gods and
goddesses descended from the heavens.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On the surface, <i>Blackness </i>asserts
the cultural superiority of the English over non-European peoples and
celebrates the patriarchal power of James, the “Sun King” of Britain, who
can turn black skin to white.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In many later Jacobean masques,
the glorification of the monarch seems less conflicted.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson developed a kind of
prologue known as the antimasque, in which wicked, disruptive, or rustic
characters played by professional actors invade the court, only to be
banished by the aristocratic masquers whose dancing transforms the court
into a golden world.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Caroline court masques, in
which Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria regularly danced, tended to be
longer, more elaborate, more dialogic, more spectacular, and even more
hyperbolic.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">But early to late, many
masques contain features that subtly resist the politics of Stuart
absolutism.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">67<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline
of The Norton Anthology of English Literature<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Javidshad
& Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">JOHN
WEBSTER<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1580 –
1625)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Webster was the son of a London
tailor and a member of the Merchant Tailors’ Company,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">John Webster’s fame rests on
two remarkable tragedies:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Both set in Roman Catholic
Italy<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Both evoking the common
Jacobean stereotype of that land as a place of sophisticated corruption.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Both have at their center bold
heroines who choose for themselves in love and refuse to submit to male
authority.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The White Devil</span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">first performed
in 1608, is based on events that took place in Italy in 1581-85;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">in this play
Victtoria Corombona defies a courtroom full of corrupt magistrates who convict
her of adultery and murder.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Duchess of Malfi:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">first performed in
1614 and published in 1623, is based on an Italian novella.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In this play,
the spirited ruler of Malfi secretly marries her steward for love, defying her
brothers, a duke and a cardinal, who demand that she remain a widow.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Their dark
motives include:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">greed for her
fortune,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">overweening
pride in their noble blood,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and incestuous
desire.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The play weds sublime poetry and
gothic horror in the devious machinations set in motion against the
duchess by her brothers’ melancholy spy Bosola, in the macabre mental and
physical torments to which they subject her, and in the final scenes in
which the stage is littered with the slaughtered bodies of all the
principal characters.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He wrote a tragicomedy, <i>The
Devil’s Law Case </i>(1621), and collaborated on several plays with
contemporary playwrights:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">among them Thomas Dekker
in <i>Westward Ho </i>(1607)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and John Marston in <i>The
Malcontent </i>(1604).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Of all the Stuart dramatists,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Webster is the one who comes
closest to Shakespeare in his power of tragic utterance and his flashes.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">68<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Early
Seventeenth Century (1603 – 1660)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SIR
FRANCIS BACON (1561 – 1626)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As a literary figure Sir Francis
Bacon played a central role in the development of the English essay and
also inaugurated the genre of the scientific Utopia in his <i>New
Atlantis </i>(1627).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">But he was even more important
to the intellectual and cultural history of the earlier seventeenth
century for his treatises on reforming and promoting learning through
experiment and induction.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His life span closely overlapped
that of Donne and Jonson, but unlike them he came from a noble family
close to the centers of government and power.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">During Elizabeth’s reign he
studied law and entered Parliament.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It was under James I that his
political fortunes took off:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he was knighted in 1603,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">became attorney general in
1613,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">lord chancellor (the highest
judicial post)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and Baron Verulam in 1618,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and Viscount St. Albans in
1621.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">That same year, however, he
was convicted on twenty-three counts of corruption and accepting bribes,
and was fined, imprisoned, and forced from office.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bacon admitted the truth of
the charges (though they were in part politically motivated), merely
observing that everyone took bribes and that bribery never influenced
his judgment.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As an essayist Bacon stands at
almost the opposite pole from his great French predecessor:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592),<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">who proposed to learn about
humankind by an intensive analysis of his own body and mind and of his
sensations, emotions, attitudes, and ideas.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bacon’s essays:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">are on topics “Civil and
Moral.” Montaigne’s are:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">tentative in structure;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">witty, expansive, and
reflective in style;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">intimate, candid, and affable
in tone;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and he speaks constantly in the
first person. By <b>c</b>ontrast, Bacon:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">adopts an aphoristic structure
and a curt, often disjunctive style, as well as a tone of cool
objectivity and weighty sententiousness;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he seldom uses “I,” but instead
presents himself as a mouthpiece for society’s accumulated practical
wisdom.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Early in his life Bacon
declared:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I have taken all knowledge to
be my province.” Whereas Donne, in the <i>First </i>Anniversary:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">saw human history as a process
of inevitable degeneration and decay, Bacon<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">saw it as progressive and
believed that his new “scientific” method would lead humankind to a
better future.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bacon’s <i>Novum
Organum </i>(1620), written in Latin:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">urged induction—combining
empirical investigation with carefully limited and tested
generalizations—as the right method of investigating nature:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the title challenged
Aristotle’s <i>Organon<b>, </b></i>still the basis of
university education, with its heavy reliance on deduction.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">includes a trenchant analysis
of four lands of “Idols”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">psychological dispositions and
intellectual habits that hold humankind back in its quest for truth and
cause it to cling obstinately to the past.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Despite his emphasis on
experiment, Bacon generally ignored the major scientific discoveries of
his age, by:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Galileo, Harvey, Gilbert and
others;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">his true
role was as a herald of the modern age.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Despite his critique of
rhetoric, he used the rich resources of figurative language—and of Utopian
fiction in <i>The New Atlantis</i>—to urge a new faith in experiment
and science.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The thrust of his method was to
segregate theology and science as “two truths,” freeing science to go its
own way unhampered by the old dogmas and creeds and unrestrained by the
morality they supported.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He is a primary creator of the
myth of science as a pathway to Utopia; late in the century the Royal
Society honored him as a prophet.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">THOMAS
HOBBES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1588 –
1679)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The English civil war and its
aftermath raised fundamental questions about the nature and legitimacy of
state power.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1651 Thomas Hobbes attempted
to answer those questions in his ambitious masterwork of political
philosophy, <i>Leviathan</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hobbes grounded his political
vision upon a comprehensive philosophy of nature and knowledge. Hobbes
held that:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">everything in the universe is
composed only of matter;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">spirit does not exist.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">All knowledge is gained through
sensory impressions,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">which are nothing but matter
in motion.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What we call the self is, for
Hobbes, simply a tissue of sensory impressions<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">clear and immediate in the
presence of the objects that evoke them, vague and less vivid in their
absence.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As a result,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">an iron determinism of cause
and effect governs everything in the universe, including human action.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hobbes argues:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">all humans are roughly equal
mentally and physically,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">they possess equal hopes of attaining
goods, as well as equal fears of danger from others.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the state of nature, before
the foundation of some sovereign power to keep them in awe:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">everyone is continually at war
with everyone else,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and life, in Hobbes’s memorable
phrase, is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">To escape this ghastly strife,
humans covenant with one another to establish a sovereign government over
all of them.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">That sovereign power—which need
not be a king but is always indivisible— incorporates the wills and
individuality of them all, so that the people no longer have rights or
liberties apart from the sovereign’s will.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The sovereign’s dominion over
his subjects extends to the right to pronounce on all matters of
religion.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While other versions of covenant
theory, for instance Milton’s <i>Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</i>,
insisted that the power transferred by the people to the sovereign could
be limited or revoked, in Hobbes’s system, the founding political covenant
must be a permanent one, since no tyranny can be so evil as the state of
war that the sovereign power prevents.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hobbes’s philosophical
materialism led many to suspect him of atheism;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">after the Restoration, the
publication of many of his books, including a history of the civil war
entitled <i>Behemoth, </i>was prohibited for a number of years.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Undeterred, Hobbes continued to
write on a variety of psychological, political, and mathematical topics,
completing a translation of Homer’s <i>Iliad </i>and <i>Odyssey </i>at
the age of eighty-six.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hobbes’s political theory did
not fit easily into the established patterns of English thought partly
because his perspective was essentially cosmopolitan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The most important prominent
philosophers for Hobbes were also Continental figures:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Italian Niccolo
Machiavelli,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">who saw human beings as
naturally competitive and power hungry,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and Jean Bodin,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a French theorist of
indivisible, absolute monarchy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">One English writer who did
influence Hobbes profoundly was Francis Bacon, whose amanuensis Hobbes had
been in Bacon’s last years.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hobbes is truly Bacon’s heir,
sharing Bacon’s utter lack of sentimentality and a memorably astringent
prose style.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">GEORGE
HERBERT (1593 – 1633)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Herbert was educated at
Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
subsequently held a fellowship and wrote Latin poetry:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">elegies on the death of Prince
Henry (1612),<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">witty epigrams,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">poems on Christ’s Passion and
death,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and poems defending the rites
of the English church.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Unlike the learned and witty
style of the work of his friend John Donne, George Herbert’s style in his
volume of religious poetry, <i>The Temple, </i>is deceptively
simple and graceful. But it is also marked by:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">self-irony,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a remarkable intellectual and
emotional range,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and a highly conscious artistry
that is evident in:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the poems’ tight construction,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">exact diction,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">perfect control of tone,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and enormously varied stanzaic
forms and rhythmic patterns.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These poems reflect Herbert’s
struggle to define his relationship to God through biblical metaphors
invested with the tensions of relationships familiar in his own society:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">king and subject,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">lord and courtier,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">master and servant,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">father and child,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">bridegroom and bride,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">friends of unequal status.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">None of Herbert’s secular
English poems survives, so his reputation rests on this single volume,
published posthumously.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Temple </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">contains<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a long prefatory poem, “The
ChurchPorch,”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and a long concluding poem,
“Church Militant,”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">which together enclose a
collection of 177 short lyrics entitled <i>The Church, </i>among
which are sonnets, songs, hymns, laments, meditative poems, dialogue
poems, acrostic poems, emblematic poems, and more.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Herbert’s own description of the
collection (<i>The Temple</i>) is apt:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“a picture of the many
spiritual conflicts that have passed between God and my soul.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Temple<o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">became the major influence on
the religious lyric poets of the Caroline age:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Henry Vaughan,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Richard Crashaw,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Thomas Traherne,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and even Edward Taylor, the
American colonial poet.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Herbert’s small book on the
duties of his new life,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A Priest to the Temple;<o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">or, The Country Parson,<o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">testifies to
the earnestness and joy, but also to the aristocratic uneasiness, with which he
embraced that role.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Herbert locates himself in the
church through many poems that treat church liturgy, architecture, and
art. For example:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Church Monuments”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and “The Windows”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">but his
primary emphasis is always on the soul’s inner architecture.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Unlike Donne’s poems, Herbert’s
poems do not voice anxious fears about his salvation or about his
desperate sins and helplessness;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">his anxieties center rather on
his relationship with Christ, most often represented as that of friend
with friend.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Herbert struggles constantly
with the paradox that, as the works of a Christian poet, his poems ought
to give fit praise to God but cannot possibly do so—an issue explored in
“The Altar,” the two “Jordan” poems, “Easter,” “The Forerunners,” and many
more.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His recourse is to develop a
biblical poetics that renounces conventional poetic styles— ”fiction and
false hair”—to depend instead on God’s “art” wrought in his own soul and
displayed in the language, metaphors, and symbolism of the Bible.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He makes scant use of Donnean
learned imagery, but his scriptural allusions carry profound
significances.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Shaped poems like:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“The Altar”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">or “Easter Wings”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">present image and picture at
once; others, like:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“The Windows,”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">resemble emblem commentary.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Other poems allude to
typological symbolism,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">which reads persons and events
in the Old Testament as types or foreshadowing of Christ, the
fulfillment or antitype.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Often, as in “The Bunch of
Grapes,” Herbert locates both type and antitype in the speaker’s soul.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">HENRY
VAUGHAN (1621 – 1695)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Born to a family with deep roots
in Wales, Henry Vaughan was educated at Oxford and the Inns of Court but
returned to his native county of Breconshire at the outbreak of the civil
war and spent the rest of his life there.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He served as secretary to the
Welsh circuit courts until 1645;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">briefly fought for King Charles
at Chester, just over the border with England;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and in his later years took up
the practice of medicine without much formal study.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In a volume of verse published
in 1651, <i>Olor Iscanus </i>(The Swan of Usk), he drew
attention to his heritage by terming himself “the Silurist”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Silures were an ancient
tribe from southeast Wales.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some features of Vaughan’s
poetry derive from the rich Welsh-language poetic tradition:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the frequency of assonance,
consonance, and alliteration;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the multiplication of
comparisons and similes (<i>dyfalu</i>);<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and the sensitivity to nature,
especially the countryside around the Usk River.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some of Vaughan’s poetry is
secular:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poems with the Tenth Satire of
Juvenal, Englished </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1646),<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Olor Iscanus </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1651),<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and a late-published collection
of earlier verse, <i>Thalia Rediviva </i>(1678).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Vaughan’s modern reputation,
rests almost entirely on his religious poetry.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1650 Vaughan published his
major collection of religious verse, <i>Silex Scintillans</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(The
Flashing Flint);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">it was republished in 1655
with a second book added.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the title of the book is
explicated by the emblem of a flintlike heart struck by a bolt of
lightning from the hand of God.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">One unifying motif of the
poems in <i>Silex Scintillans </i>is pilgrimage, though the
arrival at the destination is typically deferred.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A conversion experience may
have prompted Vaughan’s turn to religious themes:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the preface to <i>Silex </i>Scintillans:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Vaughan places himself among
the many “pious converts” gained by George Herbert’s holy life and verse.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While Vaughan’s secular poetry
recalls Ben Jonson’s, the religious poetry overtly and consciously models
itself on Herbert’s.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some twenty-six poems
appropriate their titles from <i>The Temple,</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">several owe their metrical form
to Herbert,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and many begin by quoting one
of Herbert’s lines (compare Vaughan’s<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Unprofitableness”
with Herbert’s “The Flower”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Yet no one
with an ear for poetry will mistake Vaughan’s long, loose poetic lines for
Herbert’s artful precision.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Vaughan’s religious sensibility
too differs markedly from Herbert’s.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Unable to locate himself in a
national Church of England, which was now dismantled by war, he wanders
unaccompanied through a landscape at once biblical, emblematic, and
contemporary, mourning lost innocence.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Despite his restless solitude,
however, Vaughan finds vestiges of the divine everywhere. “I saw eternity
the other night,” he begins his most famous poem, “The World,” situating
the “ring of pure and endless light” in a specific, quotidian moment of
illumination.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Eternity hovers tantalizingly
over the human world of strife, pain, and exploitation, apparently
entirely detached from that world but in fact accessible to God’s elect,
who soar from earthly shadows into the light.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Vaughan’s twin brother, Thomas,
introduced him to Hermetic philosophy:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">an esoteric brand of
Neoplatonism that found occult correspondences between the visible world
of matter and the invisible world of spirits.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The influence of this
philosophical system, so congenial to Vaughan’s sensibility, is most
apparent in the poem “Cock Crowing.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ANDREW
MARVELL (1621 – 1678)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The son of a Church of England
clergyman, Marvell grew up in Yorkshire, attended Trinity College,
Cambridge (perhaps deriving the persistent strain of Neoplatonism in his
poetry from the academics known as the Cambridge Platonists), ran off to
London, and converted to Roman Catholicism until his father put an end to
both ventures.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Andrew Marvell’s finest poems
are second to none in the 17th century or any other period.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He wrote less than Donne,
Johnson, and Herbert did, but his range was in some ways greater, as he
claimed both the private worlds of love and religion and the public
worlds of political and satiric poetry and prose.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Marvell’s<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">overriding concern with art,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">elegant, well-crafted, limpid
style,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">cool balance and reserve of
some poems<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">align him with Johnson.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Yet,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Marvell’s<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">paradoxes and complexities of
tone,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">use of dramatic monologue,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">witty, dialectical arguments<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">associate him with Donne.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Above all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Marvell<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">is a supremely original poet,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">so complex and elusive that it
is often hard to know what he really thought about the subjects he
treated.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While Marvell’s earliest poems
associate him with royalists, those after 1649 celebrate the Commonwealth
and Oliver Cromwell;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">although he is sometimes
ambivalent, Marvell recognizes divine providence in the political
changes.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">From 1650 to 1652 he lived at
Nunappleton as tutor to the twelve-year-old daughter of Thomas Fairfax,
who had given over his command of the parliamentary army to Cromwell
because he was unwilling to invade Scotland.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In these years of retirement
and ease (1650-52):<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Marvell probably wrote most of
his love lyrics and pastorals as well as <i>Upon Appleton
House, </i>which:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">opposes the attractions of
various kinds of retirement to the duties of action and reformation.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His (necessarily anonymous)
antiroyalist polemics of these years (1659-1678) include:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">several verse satires on
Charles II and his ministers,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">his best-known prose work:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Rehearsal
Transprosed </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1672-73), which defends Puritan dissenters and denounces
censorship with verve and wit.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He also wrote a brilliant poem
of criticism and interpretation on Milton’s <i>Paradise Lost </i>that
was prefixed to the second edition (1674).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Many of Marvell’s poems explore
the human condition in terms of fundamental dichotomies that resist
resolution. For example:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In religious or philosophical
poems like “The Coronet” or “The Dialogue Between the Soul and Body”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the conflict is between nature
and grace, or body and soul, or poetic creation and sacrifice.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In love poems such as “The
Definition of Love” or “To His Coy Mistress”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">it is often between flesh and
spirit, or physical sex and platonic love, or idealizing courtship and
the ravages of time.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In pastorals like the Mower
poems and “The Garden,”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the opposition is between
nature and art, or the fallen and the Edenic state, or violent passion
and contentment.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Marvell’s most subtle and
complex political poem, “An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from
Ireland,”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">sets stable traditional order
and ancient right against providential revolutionary change, and the
goods and costs of retirement and peace against those of action and war.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Marvell experimented with style
and genre to striking effect.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Many of his dramatic monologues
are voiced by named, naïve personas—the Mower, the Nymph—who stand at some
remove from the author.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">One of his most remarkable
figures—the phrase “To a green thought in a green shade,” from “The
Garden”—derives its power from the unanalyzable suggestiveness the poem
invests in the term “green.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“To His Coy Mistress,” perhaps
the best known of the century’s carpe diem poems:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">is voiced by a witty and urbane
speaker in balanced and artful couplets. But its rapid shifts from the
world of fantasy to the charnal house of reality raise questions as to whether
this is a clever seduction poem or a probing of existential angst, and
whether Marvell intends to endorse or critique this speaker’s view of
passion and sex.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In <i>Upon Appleton House</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Marvell transforms the static,
mythic features of Jonson’s country-house poem “To Penshurst “ to create
a poem of epic-like scope that incorporates history and the conflicts of
contemporary society.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">‘s rich symbolism, biblical
events— Eden, the first temptation, the Fall, the wilderness experience
of the Israelites—find echoes in the experiences of the Fairfax family,
the speaker, the history of the English Reformation, and the wanton
destruction of the recent civil wars.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">JOHN
MILTON (1608 – 1674)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As a young man, John Milton
proclaimed himself the future author of a great English epic.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He promised a poem devoted to
the glory of the nation, centering on the deeds of King Arthur or some
other ancient hero.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When Milton finally published
his epic thirty years later, readers found instead a poem about the Fall
of Satan and humankind, set in Heaven, Hell, and the Garden of Eden, in
which traditional heroism is denigrated and England not once mentioned.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In his poems and prose tracts
Milton often explores or alludes to crises in his own life:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">worries about fleeting time,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the choice of a vocation and
early death,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">painful disappointment in
marriage,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and the catastrophe of
blindness,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">manifesting in this the
heightened seventeenth-century concern with the self.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">No other major English poet has
been so deeply involved in the great questions and political crises of his
times.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton’s works inscribe and help
construct some basic Western institutions, concepts, and attitudes that
were taking on modern form in his lifetime:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">companionate marriage,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the new science and the new
astronomy,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">freedom of the press,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">religious liberty and toleration,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">republicanism, and more.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When he signed himself, as he
often did, “John Milton, Englishman,”:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he was presenting himself as
England’s prophetic bard, the spokesman for the nation as a whole even
when he found himself in a minority of one.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">No English poet before Milton
fashioned himself quite so self-consciously as an author.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The young Milton deliberately
set out to follow the steps of the ideal poetic career— beginning with
pastoral (the mode prominent in several of his early English poems) and ending
with epic.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His models for this progression
were Virgil and Spenser:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he called the latter “a better
teacher than Scotus or Aquinas.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton resembles Spenser
especially in his constant use of myth and archetype and also in his
readiness to juxtapose biblical and classical stories.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton is everywhere concerned
with the conventions of genre, yet he infused every genre he used with new
energy, transforming it for later practitioners.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton’s:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">family was bourgeois, cultured,
and staunchly Protestant.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">father was a scrivener—a
combination of solicitor, investment adviser, and moneylender—as well as
an amateur composer with some reputation in musical circles.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">younger brother, Christopher,
practiced law.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton was deeply grateful to
his father for his excellent early education, especially in languages:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Latin, Greek, Hebrew and its
dialects, Italian, and French<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">later he learned Spanish and
Dutch<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1625 Milton entered Christ’s
College, Cambridge.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He was briefly suspended during
his freshman year over some dispute with his tutor, but he graduated in
1629 and was made Master of Arts three years later.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton came to believe more and
more strongly that he was destined to serve his language, his country, and
his God as a poet.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He began by writing occasional
poetry in Latin, the usual language for collegiate poets and for poets
who sought a European audience.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton wrote some of the
century’s best Latin poems, but as early as 1628 he announced to a
university audience his determination to glorify England and the English
language in poetry.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In his first major English poem
(at age twenty-one),<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the hymn “On the Morning of
Christ’s Nativity,”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton already portrayed
himself as a prophetic bard.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Two or three years later,
probably, Milton wrote the companion poems<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“L’Allegro”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and “II Penseroso,”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">achieving a stylistic tour de
force by creating from the same meter (octosyllabic couplets) entirely
different sound qualities, rhythmic effects, and moods.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These poems celebrate,
respectively, Mirth and Melancholy, defining them by their ancestry,
lifestyles, associates, landscapes, activities, music, and literature.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1634, at the invitation of
his musician friend Henry Lawes, Milton wrote<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the masque called <i>Comns,</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">in which the villain is
portrayed as a refined, seductive, and dissolute Cavalier,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and which challenges the
absolutist politics of court masques like Ben Jonson’s <i>Masque of
Blackness </i>or Thomas Carew’s <i>Coelum Britannicum </i>by
locating true virtue and good pleasure in the households of the country
aristocracy rather than at court.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">After university, as part of his
preparation for a poetic career, Milton undertook a six-year program of
self-directed reading in ancient and modern theology, philosophy, history,
science, politics, and literature.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1638 Milton contributed the
pastoral elegy “Lycidas” to a Cambridge volume lamenting the untimely
death of a college contemporary.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This greatest of English
funeral elegies:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">explores Milton’s deep
anxieties about poetry as a vocation,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">confronts the terrors of
mortality in language of astonishing resonance and power,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and incorporates a furious
apocalyptic diatribe on the corrupt Church of England clergy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton could always maintain
friendships and family relationships across ideological divides.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1645 his English and Latin
poems were published together in a two-part volume <i>Poems of Mr.
John Milton</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">From the outbreak of the Civil
War in 1642 until his death, Milton allied himself with the Puritan cause,
but his religious opinions developed throughout his life, from relative
orthodoxy in his youth to ever more heretical positions in his later
years.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some of Milton’s treatises were
prompted by personal concerns or crises.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He interrupted his polemical
tract, <i>The Reason of Church Government Urged Against
Prelaty </i>(1642),<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">to devote several pages to a
discussion of his poetic vocation and the great works he hoped to
produce in the future.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton’s tracts about divorce,
which can hardly have seemed the most pressing of issues in the
strife-torn years 1643-45, were motivated by his personal experience of a
disastrous marriage.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1649, just after Charles I
was executed, Milton published <i>The Tenure of Kings and
Magistrates, </i>which<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">defends the revolution and the
regicide<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and was of considerable
importance in developing a “contract theory” of government based on the
inalienable sovereignty of the people<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a version of contract very
different from that of Thomas Hobbes.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton suffered a series of
agonizing tragedies:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mary Powell (his wife) returned
to him in 1645 but died in childbirth in 1652, leaving four children; the
only son, John, died a few months later.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">That same year (1652) Milton
became totally blind.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton married again in 1656,
apparently happily, but his new wife, Katherine Woodcock, was dead two
years later, along with their infant daughter.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Katherine is probably the
subject of his sonnet “Methought I Saw My Late Espoused Saint,”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a moving dream vision poignant
with the sense of loss—both of sight and of love.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton had little time for
poetry in these years (1656 afterwards), but his few sonnets
revolutionized the genre,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">overlaying the Petrarchan
metrical structure with an urgent rhetorical voice and using the small
sonnet form, hitherto confined mainly to matters of love, for new and
grand subjects:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">praises of Cromwell and other
statesmen mixed with admonition and political advice;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a prophetic denunciation
calling down God’s vengeance for Protestants massacred in Piedmont;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and an emotion-filled account
of his continuing struggle to come to terms with his blindness as part
of God’s providence.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cromwell’s death in 1658 led to
mounting chaos and a growing belief that a restored Stuart monarchy was
inevitable.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton held out against that
tide.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His several tracts of 1659 - 60
developed radical arguments for<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">broad toleration,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">church disestablishment,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and republican government.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The second edition of his <i>Ready
and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth </i>appeared in late
April 1660, scarcely two weeks before the Restoration, when the monarchy
was restored.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For several months after that
event, Milton was in hiding, his life in danger.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton lived out his last years
in reduced circumstances, plagued by ever more serious attacks of gout but
grateful for the domestic comforts provided by his third wife, Elizabeth
Minshull, whom he married in 1663 and who survived him.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In such conditions,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">dismayed by the defeat of his
political and religious cause,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">totally blind and often ill,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">threatened by the horrific
plague of 1665 and the great fire of 1666,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and entirely dependent on
amanuenses and friends to transcribe his dictation, he completed his
great epic poem.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Paradise Lost </span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(1667/74)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">radically reconceives the epic
genre and epic heroism, choosing as protagonists a domestic couple rather
than martial heroes and degrading the military glory celebrated in epic
tradition in favor of “the better fortitude / Of patience and heroic
martyrdom.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">offers a sweeping imaginative
vision of Hell, Chaos, and Heaven;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">prelapsarian life in Eden;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the power of the devil’s
political rhetoric;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the psychology of Satan, Adam,
and Eve;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and the high drama of the Fall
and its aftermath.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In his final years, Milton
published works on grammar and logic chiefly written during his days as a
schoolmaster,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a history of Britain (1670)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">from the earliest times to the
Norman Conquest,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and a treatise (1673)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">urging toleration for Puritan
dissenters.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton also continued work on
his <i>Christian Doctrine,</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a Latin treatise that reveals
how far he had moved from the orthodoxies of his day.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The work denies the Trinity
(making the Son and the Holy Spirit much inferior to God the Father),<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">insists upon free will against
Calvinist predestination,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and privileges the inspiration
of the Spirit even above the Scriptures and the Ten Commandments.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Such radical and heterodox
positions could not be made public in his lifetime, certainly not in the
repressive conditions of the Restoration, and Milton’s <i>Christian
Doctrine </i>was subsequently lost to view for over 150 years.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1671 Milton published two
poems that resonated with the harsh repression and the moral and political
challenges all Puritan dissenters faced after the Restoration.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Paradise Regained,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a brief epic in
four books, treats Jesus’ Temptation in the Wilderness as an intellectual
struggle through which the hero comes to understand both himself and his
mission and through which he defeats Satan by renouncing the whole panoply of
false or faulty versions of the good life and of God’s kingdom.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Samson Agonistes,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a classical
tragedy, is the more harrowing for the resemblances between its tragic hero and
its author. The deeply flawed, pain-wracked, blind, and defeated Samson
struggles, in dialogues with his visitors, to gain self-knowledge, discovering
at last a desperate way to triumph over his captors and offer his people a
chance to regain their freedom.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In these last poems Milton
sought to educate his readers in moral and political wisdom and virtue.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Only through such inner
transformation, Milton now firmly believed, would men and women come to
value—and so perhaps reclaim—the intellectual, religious, and political
freedom he so vigorously promoted in his prose and poetry.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-90572843036792990422024-01-08T07:25:00.000-08:002024-01-08T07:25:41.255-08:00The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century (1660 – 1785)<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Timeline:<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1660: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Charles II restored to the English
throne<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1688—89: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Glorious Revolution: deposition
of James II and accession of William of Orange<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1700: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Death of John Dryden<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1707: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Act of Union unites Scotland and
England, creating the nation of “Great Britain”<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1714: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Rule by House of Hanover begins with
accession of George I<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1744—45: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Deaths of Alexander Pope and Jonathan
Swift<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1784: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Death of Samuel Johnson<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Period Introduction Overview<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Restoration period begins
in 1660, the year in which King Charles II (the exiled Stuart king) was
restored to the English throne.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">England, Scotland, and Wales
were united as Great Britain by the 1707 Act of Union.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The period is one of increasing
commercial prosperity and global trade for Britain.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Literacy expanded to include
the middle classes and even some of the poor.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Emerging social ideas included
politeness―a behavioral standard to which anyone might aspire―and new
rhetoric of liberty and rights, sentiment and sympathy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Religion and Politics<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The monarchical restoration was
accompanied by the re-opening of English theatres (closed during
Cromwell’s Puritan regime) and the restoration of the Church of England
as the national church.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Church and state continued to
be closely intertwined.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Test Act of 1673 required
all holders of civil and military offices to take the sacrament in the
Anglican Church and deny transubstantiation; those who refused (e.g.,
Protestant Dissenters and Roman Catholics) were not allowed to attend
university or hold public office.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">King Charles II, though he
outwardly conformed to Anglicanism, had Catholic sympathies that placed
him at odds with his strongly anti-Catholic Parliament.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Charles had no legitimate heir.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His brother James (a Catholic)
was next in line to the throne.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Parliament tried to force
Charles to exclude his brother from the line of succession.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Charles ended this “Exclusion
Crisis” by dissolving Parliament.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Exclusion Crisis in a sense
created modern political parties:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Tories,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">who supported the king,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Whigs,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">who opposed him.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">88<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Restoration and the Eighteenth Century (1660 – 1785)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Once crowned, King James II
quickly suspended the Test Act. In 1688, the birth of James’s son so
alarmed the country with the prospect of a new succession of Catholic
monarchs that secret negotiations began to bring a new Protestant ruler
from Europe to oust James.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1688, William of Orange and
his wife Mary (James’s daughter) landed in England with a small army and
seized power<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">an event known as the Glorious
or Bloodless Revolution.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">James II fled to exile in
France.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For over 50 years his
supporters (called Jacobites, from the Latin <i>Jacobus</i>, for
James) mounted unsuccessful attempts to restore the Stuart line of
Catholic kings to the British throne.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Queen Anne, another of James
II’s daughters, was the next monarch (1702-1714).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Anne’s reign was a prosperous
time for Britain, as the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713)
created new trade opportunities.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">England, Scotland, and Wales
were united as Great Britain by the 1707 Act of Union.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As Anne, like Mary, had no
heirs, the succession was settled upon the royal house of Hanover.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A long line of King Georges
(I-IV) ensued, which is why the eighteenth century is also known as the
Georgian period.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We now associate the term
“Whig” with liberalism and “Tory” with conservatism, but the principles
behind these two parties remained fluid and responsive to political
circumstance throughout the period.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Robert Walpole, a Whig
politician who served under both King George I and George II, held a
parliamentary seat from 1701 until 1742. Walpole was the first man to be
described as a “prime” minister.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">During King George III’s long
rule (1760-1820) Britain became a major colonial power.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">At home and abroad, George
III’s subjects engaged with a new rhetoric of liberty and radical
reform, as they witnessed and reacted to the revolutions in France and
America.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Context of Ideas<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The court of King Charles II
championed the right of England’s social elite to pursue pleasure and
libertinism.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">King Charles II authorized two
new companies of actors. Women began to appear on stage in female roles.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dogmatism, or the acceptance of
received religious beliefs, was widely regarded as dangerous.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Charles II approved the Royal
Society for London for the Improving of Natural Knowledge (1662).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Royal Society
revolutionized scientific method and the dispersal of knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">89<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline
of The Norton Anthology of English Literature Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The specialized modern
“scientist” did not exist; Royal Society members studied<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">natural history<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the collection and
description of facts of nature,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">natural philosophy<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">study of the causes of what
happens in nature,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">natural religion<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">study of nature as a book written
by God.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The major idea of the period
(founded on Francis Bacon’s earlier work) was that of empiricism.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Empiricism is the direct
observation of experience, which infers that experience (including
experimentation) is a reliable source of knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">John Locke, George Berkeley,
and David Hume all pursued differing interpretations of empiricism, and
the concept itself had a profound impact on society and literature.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Writers (including women such
as Mary Astell) began to advocate for improved education for women during
this period.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Around 1750, the word
“sentiment” evolved to describe social behavior based in instinctual
feeling.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sentiment, and the related
notions of sensibility and sympathy, all contributed to a growing sense
of the desirability of public philanthropy and social reforms<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">such as charities for
orphans.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Increased importance was placed
on the private, individual life, as is evident in literary forms such as
diaries, letters, and the novel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Conditions of Literary
Production<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Stage Licensing Act (1737)
established a form of dramatic censorship in which the Lord Chamberlain
pre-approved and licensed all plays for performance in London.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Censorship of other print
material changed radically with the 1710 Statute of Anne, the first
British copyright law not tied to government approval of a book’s
contents.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Copyrights were typically held
by booksellers.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The term “public sphere” refers
to the material texts concerning matters of national interest and also to
the public venues (including coffeehouses, clubs, taverns, parks, etc.)
where readers circulated and discussed these texts.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Thanks to greatly increased
literacy rates (by 1800, 60-70 percent of adult men could read, versus 25
percent in 1600), the eighteenth century was the first to sustain a large
number of professional authors.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Genteel writers could benefit
from both patronage and the subscription system; “Grub Street” hacks at
the lower end of the profession were employed on a piecework basis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Women published widely.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reading material, though it
remained unaffordable to the laboring classes, was frequently shared.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Circulating libraries began in
the 1740s.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">90<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Restoration and the Eighteenth Century (1660 – 1785)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Capital letters began to be
used only at the beginnings of sentences and for proper names, and the
use of italics was reduced.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Literary Principles<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Literature from 1660 to 1785
divides into three shorter periods of 40 years each, which can be
characterized as shown below.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1660-1700 (death of John Dryden):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">emphasis on
“decorum,” or critical principles based on what is elegant, fit, and right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1700-1745 (deaths of Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope in
1744):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">emphasis on
satire and on a wider public readership.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1745-1784 (death of Samuel Johnson):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">emphasis on
revolutionary ideas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">England’s Augustan age was
modeled on that of Rome, when Augustus Caesar re-established stability
after civil war following Julius Caesar’s assassination.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">English writers, following the
restoration of King Charles II, felt themselves to be in a similar
situation, in which the arts (repressed under Cromwell) could now
flourish.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">English writers endeavored to
formulate rules of good writing, modeled on classical works, but with a
new appeal to the passions, in simple, often highly visual, language.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This embrace of new (<i>neo</i>)
aims and old models is called “neoclassicism.”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Horace’s phrase, <i>ut
picture poesis </i>(meaning “as in painting, so in poetry”) was
interpreted to mean that poetry ought to be a visual as well as a verbal
art.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Augustan poets began the
century’s focus on nature, by examining the enduring truths of human
nature.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The classical genres from which
Augustan writers sought to learn included epic, tragedy, comedy,
pastoral, satire, and ode.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ensuring a good fit between
the genre and its style, language, and tone was crucial.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Augustan writing celebrates
wit, or inventiveness, quickness of thought, and aptness of descriptive
images or metaphors.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The heroic couplet (two lines
of rhymed iambic pentameter) was the most important verse form of Pope’s
age, for it combined elegance and wit.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poets also continued to use
blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter, not closed in couplets).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Not just aristocrats and
classically educated scholars wrote verse:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ordinary people also began to
write poetry, often featuring broad humor and burlesque, thereby
creating a distinction between high and low verse.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">91<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline
of The Norton Anthology of English Literature Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Restoration Literature, 1600-1700<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dryden was the
most influential writer of the Restoration, for he wrote in every form
important to the period―occasional verse, comedy, tragedy, heroic plays, odes,
satires, translations of classical works—and produced influential critical
essays concerning how one ought to write these forms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Restoration
prose style grew more like witty, urbane conversation and less like the
intricate, rhetorical style of previous writers like John Milton and John
Donne.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Simultaneously,
Restoration literature continued to appeal to heroic ideals of love and honor,
particularly on stage, in heroic tragedy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The other major
dramatic genre was the Restoration comedy of manners, which emphasizes sexual
intrigue and satirizes the elite’s social behavior with witty dialogue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Eighteenth-Century Literature,
1700-1745<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Augustan era
of writers like Swift, Defoe, Pope, Addison, and Steele was rich in satire and
new prose forms that blended fact and fiction, such as news, criminal
biographies, travelogues, political allegories, and romantic tales.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Early
eighteenth-century drama saw the development of “sentimental comedy” in which
goodness and high moral sentiments are emphasized, and the audience is moved
not only to laughter, but also to sympathetic tears.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The theatre
business boomed; celebrity performers flourished; less important were the
authors of the plays.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">James Thomson’s
poems on the seasons, beginning with “Winter” (1726), carried on the earlier
poetic tradition of pastoral retreat and began a new trend of poetry focused on
natural description.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Emergence of New Literary Themes
and Modes, 1740-1785<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Novelists became
better known than poets, and intellectual prose forms such as the essay
proliferated.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
mid-eighteenth century is often referred to as the “Age of Johnson” after the
renowned essayist Samuel Johnson, who in 1755 wrote one of the first English
dictionaries to define word meanings by employing quotations taken from the
best English writers, past and present.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">By the 1740s the
novel rose to dominate the literary marketplace, with writers like Henry
Fielding, Samuel Richardson, and Laurence Sterne defining the form and its
modes of representing the private lives of individuals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The late
eighteenth century saw a medieval revival, in which writers venerated and
imitated archaic language and forms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">One important
development of this movement was the Gothic novel, which typically features
such forbidden themes as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">incest, murder,
necrophilia, atheism, and sexual desire.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Late
eighteenth-century poetry tends to emphasize melancholy, isolation, and
reflection, in distinction to the intensely social, often satirical verse of
earlier in the period.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">92<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Restoration and the Eighteenth Century (1660 – 1785)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Continuity and Revolution<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some critics place the end of
the eighteenth century at<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1776<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">linking it to the American
Revolution;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">others at 1789<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the beginning of the French
Revolution;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">still others at 1798<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the publication of Wordsworth
and Coleridge’s <i>Lyrical Ballads</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Later Romantic writers, who
valued the idea of originality, also prized the meaning of “revolution”
which signified a violent break with the past and often represented their
work as offering just such a break with tradition. However, changes to
literary forms and content occurred much more gradually than this use of
the word “revolution” might suggest.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-30819409930282305002024-01-08T07:11:00.000-08:002024-01-08T07:11:09.713-08:00The Early Seventeenth Century (1603 – 1660)<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Timeline:<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1603: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Death of Elizabeth I; accession of James I, first Stuart king
of England<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1605: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Gunpowder Plot, a failed effort by Catholic extremists to
blow up Parliament and the king<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1607: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Establishment of first permanent English colony in the New World
at Jamestown, Virginia<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1625: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Death of James I; accession of Charles I<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1642: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Outbreak of civil war; theaters closed<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1649: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Execution of Charles I; beginning of Commonwealth and
Protectorate, known inclusively as the Interregnum (1649—60)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1660: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">End of the Protectorate; restoration of Charles II<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Period
Introduction Overview<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 marks the beginning of this literary
period.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Elizabeth
I, also known as the Virgin Queen, was childless.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Her
relation, James Stuart, succeeded her on England’s throne as King James
I (in Scotland, his title was King James VI).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Elizabeth
I’s reign (1558-1603) is known as the Elizabethan period.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">James
I’s reign (1603-1625)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">is
known as the Jacobean period, from the Latin for James, <i>Jacobus</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Charles
I’s reign (1625-1640)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">is
known as the Caroline period, from the Latin for Charles, <i>Carolus</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">James
I was an authoritarian who believed kings derived their powers from God,
not from the people.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This
belief caused political tension between the king, the Parliament, and
the common people<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">tension
that intensified throughout James I’s reign, and culminated in the
beheading of his son, Charles I, in 1649.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Between
1642 and 1649, Royalist and pro-parliamentary forces fought a bloody
series of civil wars on English soil.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Following
the execution of the king and the end of the English civil wars in 1649,
the general of the parliamentary forces, Oliver Cromwell, ruled England
as a commonwealth (a democratic state governed without a monarch).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cromwell
was known as the “Lord Protector” of England.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">After
Oliver Cromwell’s death in 1658, his son Richard ruled briefly and
ineffectually.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
1660, Parliament invited King Charles I’s eldest son to return from exile
in Europe to rule England as King Charles II.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">King
Charles II’s restoration to power and England’s restoration of
monarchical rule give the period that followed the name the
“Restoration. “<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">52<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Early Seventeenth Century (1603 – 1660)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">State
and Church, 1603-1640<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
state’s monetary difficulties during James I’s reign were signs of
conflict between the king and his people.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
king was not supposed to tax regularly, except in time of war.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">However,
declining Crown revenues, a demand for court honors and rewards, and the
high costs of a court obsessed with feasting, drinking, and hunting all
led King James I to impose illegal taxes.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">King
James I’s peace treaty with Spain (1604) made the Atlantic safe for
English ships and for exploration.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">During
James’s reign the first permanent English settlements were established in
North America (at Jamestown) and in the Caribbean.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
1611 the East India Company established England’s first outpost in
India.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
the north of England, coal mines developed; in the east, newly drained wetlands
yielded crops for the growing population.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Appreciation
for the practical arts and technology as a means of improving human life
influenced the scientific theories of Francis Bacon, who in turn
inspired other scientists and inventors.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sixteenth
and seventeenth-century English people argued over many religious
questions, including<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
form of worship services,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
qualifications of ministers,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
interpretation of Scripture,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
form of prayer,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
meaning of Communion.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">All
people were legally required to attend Church of England services, and
the form of the services was set out in the Book of Common Prayer.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
the 1580s and 1590s, Catholic priests and those who harbored them were
executed for treason.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Protestant
religious minorities had suffered persecution too.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Although
his mother was the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, James I was raised in
the strict Reformed tradition of the Scottish Presbyterian Kirk and was
consequently welcomed by both parties.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">James
I’s impulse towards religious toleration was halted by the Gunpowder Plot
of 1605.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A
group of Catholics packed the cellar next to the Houses of Parliament
with gunpowder, intending to eliminate much of England’s ruling class at
a single blast and leave England open to invasion by a foreign, Catholic
power.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Discovery
of the Gunpowder Plot renewed anti-Catholic sentiment in England.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
most important religious event during James I’s reign was his newly
commissioned, elegant, and diplomatic translation of the Bible, which remains
known as the “King James Bible” today.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">James
I’s second son, Charles, came to the throne upon his father’s death in
1625<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(James’s
first son, Henry, had died of typhoid fever years earlier).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">53<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline of The Norton Anthology of English Literature
Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">King
Charles I was financially more prudent than his father, but his refusal
to allow powerful men and factions a share in the workings of the state
alienated them, and he became cut off from his people.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While
King Charles was an Anglican, his wife, the French princess Henrietta
Maria, was Catholic.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Their
love of splendor and ceremony led Puritans to suspect Charles of popish
sympathies.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Puritans
were followers of the sixteenth-century reformer John Calvin. Puritans
believed that salvation depended upon faith in Christ, not good works;
they also believed that God predestined people to be saved or damned.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">King
Charles I’s appointment of William Laud as archbishop of Canterbury (the
ecclesiastical head of the English Church) further angered Puritans.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Laud
promoted the idea that God made redemption freely available to all
humans, who could then choose whether or not to accept God’s grace and work
toward their salvation by acts of charity, devotion, and generosity to
the church.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
the 1630s, many Puritans emigrated to the colonies in New England, but
those who remained in England were discontented.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Literature
and Culture, 1603-1640 Old Ideas and New<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Writers
including John Donne, Robert Burton, and Ben Jonson invoked inherited
ideas even though they were aware that these concepts were being
questioned or displaced.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Old
ideas that resonated with these writers included<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
Ptolemaic universe<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">in
which the earth is fixed, and other celestial bodies orbit it;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
four elements (fire, earth, water, and air)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">that
were thought to comprise all matter;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
four humors (choler, blood, phlegm, and black bile),<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">which
were believed to determine a person’s temperament and to cause physical
and mental disease when out of balance.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Analogy
and order were important concepts―e.g., the “chain of being” that ordered
creation (God, angels, humans, animals, plants, rocks) had its analogy in
the state (king, nobles, gentry, yeomen, laborers).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Each
level in this chain has its own peculiar function, and each was
connected to those above and below it by obligations and dependencies.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A
poet who compares a king to the king of the beasts is thus not forging an
original metaphor so much as describing something that seemed an obvious
fact of nature within this system of ideas.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">William
Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of blood and Galileo’s confirmation
of Copernican astronomical theories were among the new ideas that began
to be embraced toward the end of the period.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">54<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Early Seventeenth Century (1603 – 1660)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Patrons,
Printers, and Acting Companies<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tudor
social institutions and customary practices that supported and regulated
writers changed only gradually before 1640.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Church of England continued to promote writings including devotional
treatises, tracts, and sermons.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sermons
were designed to explain Scripture, to instruct and to move, and they
reached a large audience both in church and in print.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Many
writers depended upon aristocratic patrons.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Often
patronage took the form of an exchange of favors rather than that of a
financial transaction.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A
patron might give a poet a place to live, employment, or valuable gifts
of clothing.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
reading public for sophisticated literary works was small.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This
audience was concentrated at court, in the universities, and the Inns of
Court (law schools).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Manuscript
(handwritten) copies were an easy and effective way to circulate works.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Many
writers’ works appeared in print posthumously (e.g., Donne, Herbert,
Shakespeare, Marvell).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This
practice, and the circulation of manuscript copies, often makes
assigning concise composition dates to seventeenth-century works
difficult.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Printing
of literary works became more common, especially after Ben Jonson
collected and printed his own works in an impressive folio.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Almost
all printed works—except those printed at the universities—were printed
in London, as a result of the monopoly on printing granted to the London
Stationer’s Company by King Henry VIII.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
exchange for the monopoly on printing, the Stationers were to submit all
books for pre-publication censorship.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Responsibility
for a printed work, and ownership of that work, rested with the printer,
not the author.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Authorial
copyright was not recognized until the early eighteenth century.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Commercial
theater enabled a few writers (Thomas Dekker, William Shakespeare, John
Webster) to support themselves professionally.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Again,
the theater companies, not the playwrights, owned the texts.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Acting
companies also had to submit works to the censor before public
performance.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">James
I also promoted theater at court and acted as patron to Shakespeare’s
acting company, which became known as the King’s Men.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
intimate indoor spaces of court-affiliated theaters and the court’s taste
both affected the repertoire of companies like the King’s Men.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">55<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline of The Norton Anthology of English Literature
Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jacobean
Writers and Genres<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poets
and writers of prose alike moved towards jagged, colloquial speech
rhythms and short concentrated forms.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Writers,
most notably Ben Jonson, John Donne, and George Herbert, promoted new
forms including love elegy and satire (modeled on classical works by Ovid
and Horace), epigrams, verse epistles, meditative religious lyrics, and
country-house poems.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson,
a Londoner, earned his living from writing for the commercial and court
theaters and receiving patronage for his poems and his court masques.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jonson
became an influential figure through his decision to collect and print
his works, and his mentorship of a group of young poets (known as the
Tribe, or Sons, of Ben), which included Thomas Carew, Richard Lovelace,
Sir John Suckling, Edmund Waller, Henry Vaughan and Robert Herrick.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne,
a friend of Jonson’s who also spent much of his life in or near London,
wrote poems and sermons that are intellectually challenging and
characterized by learned terms and unusual analogies.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donne’s
poems circulated in manuscript, and most were printed after his death.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Critics
view Donne as the founder of a metaphysical school of poets, which
included<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">George
Herbert, Thomas Carew, Richard Crashaw, John Cleveland, Abraham Cowley,
and Andrew Marvell.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Herbert
left a privileged social position to become an Anglican priest in the
small rural parish of Bemerton.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Unlike
Jonson’s aspiration to monumental status in print or Donne’s showy
performances of witty self-doubt, Herbert’s writing promotes other
models of poetic agency:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
secretary taking dictation from a master or a musician playing in
harmonious consort.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Herbert
destroyed his secular verse and left his religious verse to a friend to
publish after Herbert’s death.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
prose essay, invented by Michel de Montaigne, first appeared in English
translation in 1603 and influenced writers including Francis Bacon and
Sir Thomas Browne.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Female
writers from the nobility and gentry, who were better educated than most
women of the period, began to appear in print, too. These women included<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Aemilia
Lanyer,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
first English woman to publish a volume of original poems,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Elizabeth
Cary, Lady Falkland,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
first English woman to publish a tragedy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Caroline Era, 1625-1640<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">King
Charles I and his wife Henrietta Maria, patronized artists including
Peter Paul Rubens and Sir Anthony Van Dyke.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Court
masques during this era emphasized chivalric virtue and divine beauty or
love, as symbolized in the marriage of the royal pair.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">56<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Early Seventeenth Century (1603 – 1660)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While
courtier poets wrote love lyrics that celebrated both platonic and
physical love, in the world outside the court, Puritans opposed what they
saw as the court’s immoral excesses.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">William
Prynne exemplifies the most extreme Puritan views, as well as the
inseparability of literature and politics in this period.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Prynne
wrote against stage plays, court masques, mixed dancing, and other forms
of entertainment promoted by the court.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For
expressing these views in print, Prynne was severely punished:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he
lost his academic degrees and his job, was imprisoned, had his books
burned and his ears cut off.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Revolutionary Era, 1640-1660<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
beheading of King Charles I, which took place on 30 January 1649, was a
cataclysmic event in English history.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
assumption that kings ruled by divine right was overturned as commoners
accused the king of treason and executed him.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some
historians believe that long-term social and economic changes led to
rising social tensions and conflict, particularly among the educated, affluent
gentry class, who were below nobles but above artisans and yeomen in the
social order.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This
class was growing, but traditional social hierarchies did not grant them
the economic, political, and religious freedoms they desired.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Other
historians (the “revisionists”) believe that short-term avoidable causes
of the English civil wars included luck, personal idiosyncrasies, and
poor decisions made by individuals.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Between
1640 and 1660, new concepts emerged that became central to bourgeois
liberal thought for centuries to come―that is, religious toleration,
freedom from press censorship, and the separation of church and state.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These
ideas came from three disputed questions:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What is the ultimate source of political power?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What kind of church government is laid down in
Scripture and therefore ought to be established in England?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What should the relation be between church and state?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Frustrated
with Parliament’s frequent refusal to endorse taxes that would help the
Crown, King Charles I had dissolved Parliament three times by 1629 and
subsequently ruled for more than ten years without a Parliament at all.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
1640, the so-called Long Parliament convened to assert its rights.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Parliament
did not disband when the king would have liked but instead remained in
session, abolishing extralegal taxes, trimming the bishops’ powers, and
arresting, trying, and executing Archbishop Laud and the king’s
minister, the Earl of Strafford.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Parliament
disrupted not only the usual governance of the state and but also the
usual censorship of the press. Weekly newsbooks that reported on current
domestic events from various religious and political perspectives
flourished.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
July 1642, Parliament voted to raise an army, and by August, England’s
First Civil War (1642-1646) had begun.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">57<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">An Outline of The Norton Anthology of English Literature
Javidshad & Nemati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Parliament
and the Presbyterian clergy that supported it aimed to secure the rights
of the House of Commons, to limit the king’s power over the army and the
church (though not to depose the king), and to make Presbyterianism the
national faith.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">However,
the Puritan forces were not solely made up of Presbyterians.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There
were a variety of dissenters from the Church of England as well
(Congregationalists, Independents, Baptists, and others).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Each
of these groups had different ideas about what policies and faiths ought
to be tolerated.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
1648, after negotiation and a brief Second Civil War, the king’s army was
defeated. King Charles I was imprisoned on the Isle of Wight.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As
long as the king remained alive, there was the possibility that one or
more factions might support him.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Leaders
from Cromwell’s New Model Army therefore expelled royalists and
Presbyterians, who still wanted to come to an understanding with the
king, from the House of Commons.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
remaining part of the House of Commons became known as the “Rump
Parliament.” They abolished the House of Lords, tried the king for high
treason, and executed him.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">After
King Charles I’s execution, the Scots and the Irish, who had not been
consulted about the trial, proclaimed the king’s eldest son, the exiled
Prince Charles, the new king.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Oliver
Cromwell and his army brutally crushed rebellions in Scotland and
Ireland.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cromwell
was sworn in as “Lord Protector” of England for life.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His
son Richard ruled from his father’s death in 1658 until General George
Monck called “full and free” elections in Parliament, which opened seats
again to supporters of the monarchy as well as of the republic.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
new Parliament recalled the exiled prince, proclaiming him King Charles
II on May 8, 1660.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
period that followed is called the Restoration, for it saw the
restoration of the monarchy and the court, the Church of England, and the
professional theater.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Monarchy
was now limited, however; Parliament retained legislative supremacy and
the power of taxation and assembled by its own, and not the king’s,
authority.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
journalistic debate that had begun in the 1640s continued to grow.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Modern
political parties developed out of what had been the royalist and
republican factions during the civil wars.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">58<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Early Seventeenth Century (1603 – 1660)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Literature
and Culture, 1640-1660<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
English civil wars were disastrous for English theater.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Parliament
abolished public plays in 1642, with the result that performances were
rare and often conducted in semiprivate locations.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Courtly
patronage collapsed along with the king’s government, as the usual
networks of manuscript circulation were disrupted.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Many
royalist “Cavalier” writers wrote in locations removed from the hostile
center of parliamentary power.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These
writers included<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Katherine
Philips (who circulated poems in manuscript in Wales);<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Margaret
Cavendish (exiled with the queen in Paris, Cavendish published two
collections of lyrics upon her return to England in 1653);<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Thomas
Hobbes, exiled in Paris, who wrote <i>Leviathan</i>, a defense of
absolute sovereignty based on a theory of social contract.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Autobiographies
and memoirs by royalists Lady Anne Halkett and Margaret Cavendish,
Duchess of Newcastle, and by republican Lucy Hutchinson demonstrate the
way in which the revolutionary era placed women in novel circumstances
and introduced new subject matter into their writing.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Most
writers of this period were royalists, but Andrew Marvell and John Milton
sided with the republic.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton
supported the revolution because he was hopeful that it might lead to
religious toleration for all Protestants and freedom from censorship.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Milton
wrote sonnets and pro-revolutionary treatises but is best known for his
epic blank-verse poem, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, which tells the story
of the Creation and man’s fall from divine grace and expulsion from
Eden.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-51872740856763820792024-01-08T01:24:00.000-08:002024-01-08T01:24:20.699-08:00Renaissance Drama 1<p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="s1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><a name="bookmark0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">All the world’s a stage And all the men and women merely players. (Shakespeare, As You Like It)</a></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><ul dir="ltr" id="l1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0pt; text-align: left;"><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 12pt 0px 0px 70pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">University Wits: Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Nashe and Thomas Lodge</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 8pt 0px 0px 70pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Miracle and mystery plays</p><p class="s3" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">John Heywood</p><ul id="l2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0pt;"><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 23pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">The four PP</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">The Play of the Weather</p></li></ul></li></ul><p class="s4" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 40px; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">And so in all thynges, wyth one voyce agreable, We have clerely fynyshed our foresayd parleament,</p><p class="s4" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 40px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">To your great welth, whyche shall be fyrme and stable, And to our honour farre inestymable.</p><p class="s4" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 40px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">For syns theyr powers, as ours, addyd to our owne, Who can, we say, know us as we shulde be knowne? (The Play of the Weather)</p><p class="s5" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 33.5pt; font-style: italic; line-height: 54.94px; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Ralph Roister Doister <span class="s2" style="font-size: 32pt; font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(about 1552) by Nicholas Udall,</span></p><p class="s5" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 33.5pt; font-style: italic; line-height: 38pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Gorboduc <span class="s2" style="font-size: 32pt; font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(1561)</span></p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackille</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">-Great tragedies of Christopher Marlowe,</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 7pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">-the major Senecan-influenced play <span class="s7" style="font-size: 29.5pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Spanish Tragedy </span>by Thomas Kyd,</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 6pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">-and the best reworking of a Plautus comedy in <span class="s7" style="font-size: 29.5pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Comedy of Errors </span>by a new young dramatist, William Shakespeare.</p><p class="s8" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 38pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The Spanish Tragedy</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 10pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The political background of the play is loosely related to the victory of Spain over Portugal in 1580. Lorenzo and Bel-imperia are the children of Don Cyprian, duke of Castile (brother of the king of Spain); Hieronimo is marshal of Spain and Horatio his son. Balthazar, son of the viceroy of Portugal, has been captured in the war. He courts Bel-imperia, and Lorenzo and the king of Spain favour his suit for political reasons. Lorenzo and Balthazar discover that Bel-imperia loves Horatio; they surprise the couple by night in Hieronimo's garden and hang Horatio on a tree. Hieronimo discovers his son's body and runs mad with grief. He succeeds nevertheless in discovering the identity of the murderers, and carries out revenge by means of a play, Solyman and Perseda, in which Lorenzo and Balthazar are killed, and Bel-imperia stabs herself. Hieronimo bites out his tongue before killing himself. The whole action is watched over by Revenge and the Ghost of Andrea who was previously killed in battle by Balthazar. The play was the prototype of the English »revenge tragedy genre.</p><p class="s8" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 38pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The Spanish Tragedy</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 10pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">No, princes, know I am Hieronimo,</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The hopeless father of a hapless son, Whose tongue is tun’d to tell his latest tale, Not to excuse gross errors in the play.</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">I see your looks urge instance of these words,</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Behold the reason urging me to this:</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">[Shows his dead son.]</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">See here my show, look on this spectacle: Here lay my hope, and here my hope hath end:</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Here lay my heart, and here my heart was slain: Here lay my treasure, here my treasure lost: Here lay my bliss, and here my bliss bereft: But hope, heart, treasure, joy and bliss,</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">All fled, fail’d, died, yea, all decay’d with this.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><ul dir="ltr" id="l3" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0pt; text-align: left;"><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 12pt 0px 0px 70pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">New audience</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 70pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">New fixed theaters</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 70pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">New theater companies</p></li></ul><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 289pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -229pt;">Major dramatists except Shakespeare, Marlow, and Janson</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 46.6667px; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Thomas Middleton, John Webster, Thomas Dekker, Francis Beaumont and</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 26pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">John Fletcher (usually in</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 46.6667px; margin: 0pt; padding: 1pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">collaboration), Thomas Heywood, Philip Massinger, John Ford</p><h3 dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; margin: 0px; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Maid's Tragedy, The<span class="s4" style="font-size: 24pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, a tragedy by * Beaumont and Fletcher, generally considered one of their best works. Amintor, a gentleman of Rhodes, breaks his engagement to Aspatia at the king's request and in her stead marries Evadne, sister to his friend Melantius. On their wedding night, in a powerful confrontation, Evadne reveals that she is the king's mistress and refuses to sleep with him. Amintor initially agrees to conceal the position and present a mock marriage to the world; but later he reveals the truth to Melantius, who passionately reproaches the by now penitent Evadne, and persuades her to murder the king. Meanwhile the desolate Aspatia laments her loss in some of the finest verse in the play. Aspatia later takes action by disguising herself as her brother and provoking the reluctant Amintor to a duel. He wounds her; as she lies dying Evadne arrives, fresh from the king's murder, hoping to be pardoned by Amintor. He rejects her; she commits suicide; Aspatia reveals herself and dies; Amintor takes his own life. The last act of the play was rewritten by E. *Waller, with a happy ending in which Amintor marries Aspatia.</span></h3><p class="s11" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Knight of the Burning Pestle, The</b>, a comedy now thought to be the unaided work of »Beaumont, but formerly generally attributed to Beaumont and Fletcher; it was probably performed 1607-8, and was printed (anonymously) 1613. The most successful of Beaumont's plays, it is a <b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">high-spirited comedy of manners</b>, and a <b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">burlesque of knight-errantry </b>and of such fabulous and patriotic plays as Heywood's <span class="s12" style="font-size: 23pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Four Prentices of London </span>and <span class="s12" style="font-size: 23pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Travels of the Three English Brothers </span>by Rowley. It has clear echoes of <span class="s12" style="font-size: 23pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Don Quixote</span>, both in attitude and incident, and satirizes the middle-class taste for such popular and improbable romances.</p><p class="s11" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 6pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">It takes the form of a <b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">play-within-a-play</b>: a grocer and his wife, members of an audience about to watch a drama called 'The London Merchant', interrupt the prologue to insist that their apprentice Rafe have a part. He therefore becomes a Grocer Errant, with a Burning Pestle portrayed on his shield, and undertakes various absurd adventures, including the release of patients held captive by a barber, Barbarossa. These are interspersed with the real plot, in which Jasper, a merchant's apprentice, woos, and after much opposition wins, his master's daughter Luce</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">RALPH My elder prentice Tim shall be my trusty squire, and little George my dwarf. Hence, my blue apron! Yet, in remembrance of my former trade, upon my shield shall be portrayed a Burning Pestle, and I will be called the Knight of the Burning Pestle.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 4pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">WIFE Nay, I dare swear thou wilt not forget thy old trade; thouwert ever meek. RALPH Tim!</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">TIM Anon.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">RALPH My beloved squire, and George my dwarf, I charge you that from henceforth you never call me by any other name but ‘the right courteous and valiant Knight of the Burning Pestle’; and that you never call any female by the name of a woman or wench; but ‘fair lady’, if she have her desires, if not, ‘distressed damsel’; that you call all forests and heaths ‘deserts’, and all horses ‘palfreys’.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 4pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">WIFE This is very fine, faith. – Do the gentlemen like Ralph, drink you, husband? CITIZEN Aye, I warrant thee; the players would give all the shoes in their shop for him.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">RALPH My beloved squire Tim, stand out. Admit this were a desert, and over it a knight-errant pricking, and I should bid you inquire of his intents, what would you say?</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 4pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">TIM Sir, my master sent me to know whither you are riding?</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">RALPH No, thus: ‘Fair sir, the right courteous and valiant Knight of the Burning Pestle commanded me to inquire upon what adventure you are bound, whether to relieve some distressed damsel, or otherwise.’</p><p class="s10" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 22pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Revenger's Tragedy, The<span class="s11" style="font-size: 22pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, a tragedy published anonymously in 1607, and from 1656 ascribed to Tourneur; its authorship has been disputed since 1891, with some scholars defending the traditional attribution and others championing the rival claims of *Middleton and others.</span></p><p class="s11" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The central character is Vendice (or Vindice), intent on revenging the death of his mistress, poisoned by the lecherous old duke. The court is a centre of vice and intrigue; the duchess's youngest son is convicted of rape, she herself seduces Spurio, the duke's bastard, and her two older sons, the duke's stepsons, plot against each other and against Lussurioso, the duke's heir. Vendice, disguised as Piato, appears to attempt to procure his own sister Castiza for Lussurioso; she resists, but their mother Gratiana temporarily suc cumbs to his bribes and agrees to play the bawd. Vendice murders the duke by tricking him into kissing the poisoned skull of his mistress, and most of the remaining characters kill one another or are killed in a final masque of revengers and murderers; Vendice, who survives the bloodbath, owns up to the murder of the duke, and is promptly condemned to death with his brother and accomplice Hippolite by the duke's successor, old Antonio. He is led off to execution, content to 'die after a nest of dukes'.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">LUSSURIOSO Be witnesses of a strange spectacle: Choosing for private conference that sad</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">room, We found the Duke my father geal’d in blood.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">1ST SERVANT My Lord the Duke! – run, hie thee Nencio, Startle the court by signifying so much.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 4pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">[Exit NENCIO]</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">VINDICE [aside] Thus much by wit a deep revenger can, When murder’s known, to be the clearest man. We’re fordest off, and with as bold an eye, Survey his body as the standers-by.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 4pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">LUSSURIOSO My royal father, too basely let blood, By a malevolent slave. HIPPOLITO [aside] Hark, He calls thee slave again.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">VINDICE [aside] H’ ’as lost, he may.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">LUSSURIOSO Oh sight, look hither, see, his lips are gnawn With poison. VINDICE How – his lips? by th’ mass they be.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">LUSSURIOSO O villain – O rogue – O slave – O rascal! HIPPOLITO [aside] O good deceit, he quits him with like terms.</p><p class="s3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Thomas Middleton</p><ul dir="ltr" id="l4" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0pt; text-align: left;"><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 38pt 0px 0px 70pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Changeling</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 70pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Women Beware of Women</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 70pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">A Game at Chess</p></li></ul><h4 dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 24pt; margin: 0px; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Changeling, The<span class="s4" style="font-size: 24pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, a tragedy by Middleton and Rowley, printed 1653, but acted as early as 1622.</span></h4><p class="s4" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 24pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 6pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Beatrice-Joanna, daughter of the governor of Ali cant, is ordered by her father to marry Alonzo de Piracquo. She falls in love with Alsemero, and in order to avoid the marriage employs the ill-favoured villain De Flores, whom she detests but who cherishes a passion for her, to murder Alonzo. To the horror of Beatrice, De Flores exacts the reward he had lusted for. Beatrice is now to marry Alsemero. To escape detection she arranges that her maid Diaphanta shall take her place on the wedding night; and to remove a dangerous witness, De Flores then kills the maid. The guilt of Beatrice and De Flores is revealed to Alsemero, and they are both brought before the governor, whereupon they take their own lives.</p><p class="s10" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 22pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Women Beware Women<span class="s11" style="font-size: 22pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, a tragedy by Middleton.</span></p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Set in Florence, the action involves two interwoven plots. The sub-plot is concerned with the guilty love of Hippolito for his niece Isabella. Hippolito's sister Livia acts as go-between, persuading Isabella she is no blood relation of her uncle: Isabella then consents to marry a foolish young heir as a screen for her own passion for Hippolito.</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The main plot is loosely based on the life of the historical Bianca Cappello, who became the mistress, and then the consort, of Francesco de' Medici (1541- 87), second grand duke of Tuscany. In Middleton's version, she is at the opening of the play innocently but secretly married to the poor but honest young Leantio, a merchant's clerk. The duke sees her at a window and falls in love with her: in II. ii, while Livia outwits Leantio's mother at chess (a scene invoked by T. S. *Eliot in</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">*The Waste Land), the duke gains access to Bianca and seduces her. Thereafter both she and Leantio are plunged into the corruption of the court, and consumed by it. Bianca becomes the duke's mistress: the duke, reproved by the cardinal, his brother, for his sin, contrives the death of Leantio, who has sworn everlasting enmity to Bianca, and accepted both financial and amorous compensation for her loss. These various crimes, in the last act, meet with retribution in a wholesale massacre of the characters, through the theatrical medium of a masque accompanied by poisoned incense: Bianca destroys herself by drinking deliberately from a poisoned cup.</p><ul dir="ltr" id="l5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0pt; text-align: left;"><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h4 style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 24pt; margin: 0px; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 48pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">A Game at Chess <span class="s4" style="font-size: 24pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">is a comic satirical play by Thomas Middleton, first staged in August 1624 by the King's Men at the Globe Theatre. The play is notable for its political content, dramatizing a conflict between Spain and England.</span></h4><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s4" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 24pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 48pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">The plot takes the form of a chess match, and the play includes some genuine chess moves. Instead of personal names, the characters are known as the White Knight, the Black King, and so forth. Yet the play unmistakably alludes to Anglo-Spanish diplomacy under King James I of England, especially the failed marriage negotiation between Prince Charles and the Spanish Infanta Maria Anna of Spain. The play is satirical of King James, and it was shut down after only nine days.</p></li></ul><p class="s3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">John Webster</p><h2 dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0px; padding: 38pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The White Devil <span class="s2" style="font-size: 32pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">and </span>The Duchess of Malfi</h2><p class="s10" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 22pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The Duchess of Malfi <span class="s11" style="font-size: 22pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">tells the story of the spirited duchess and her love for her trustworthy steward Antonio. They marry secretly, despite the opposition of her two brothers, Ferdinand (the Duke of Calabria) and the Cardinal. Although she bears three children, she refuses to name the father. Eventually betrayed by Bosola, a spy, the duchess and her family flee but are intercepted; Antonio and the oldest child, a boy, escape. Ferdinand orders Bosola to strangle the duchess, her two younger children, and her maid and then goes mad with guilt. In typical fashion for revenge tragedy, the final act is one of carnage. All are killed except for the eldest son of the duchess and Antonio, who is named ruler of Malfi.</span></p><p class="s11" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 6pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Webster’s <b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Duchess of Malfi </b>is often regarded as the last great tragedy of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, second only to William Shakespeare’s. There is no evidence that Webster had read or seen the play that Spanish dramatist Lope de Vega had written about the duchess. Webster’s style is reliant on dense symbolic imagery. The duchess, by far the strongest character in the play, is a passionate noble woman who rejects her brothers’ demands for the sake of love. Unbroken by cruel treatment, she proclaims before her death, “I am Duchess of Malfi still.”</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 4pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">DUCHESS Come, violent death, Serve for mandragora to make me sleep! –Go tell my brothers, when I am laid out, They then may feed in quiet. [They strangle her]</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">BOSOLA Where’s the waiting-woman? Fetch her: some other strangle the children. [Enter Executioners with CARIOLA] Look you, there sleeps your mistress.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">CARIOLA Oh, you are damn’d Perpetually for this! My turn is next; Is’t not so order’d?</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">BOSOLA Yes, and I am glad You are so well prepar’d for ’t.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">CARIOLA You are deceiv’d, sir, I am not prepar’d for ’t, I will not die, I will first come to my answer; and know How I have offended.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 4pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">BOSOLA Come, despatch her. –You kept her counsel, now you shall keep ours.</p><p class="s13" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">White Devil, The <span class="s9" style="font-size: 20pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a tragedy by Webster.</span></p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The duke of Brachiano, husband of Isabella, the sister of Francisco, duke of Florence, is weary of her and in love with Vittoria, wife of Camillo. The Machiavellian Flamineo, Vittoria's brother, helps Brachiano to seduce her, and contrives (at her suggestion, delivered indirectly in a dream) the death of Camillo: Brachiano causes Isabella to be poisoned. Vittoria is tried for adultery and murder in the celebrated central arraignment scene, and defends herself with great spirit. She is sentenced to confinement in 'a house of penitent whores', whence she is carried off by Brachiano, who marries her. Flamineo quarrels with his younger brother, the virtuous Marcello, and kills him; he dies in the arms of their mother Cornelia, who later, driven out of her wits by grief, sings the dirge 'Call for the robin redbreast, and the wren', a scene which elicits from Flamineo a speech of remorse. ('I have a strange thing in me to the which cannot give a name, without it be I Compassion.') Meanwhile <span class="s14" style="font-size: 18pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Francisco, at the prompting of Isabella's ghost, avenges her death by poisoning Brachiano, and Vittoria and Flamineo, both of whom die Stoic deaths, are murdered by his dependents.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p class="s1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><a name="bookmark1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">All the world’s a stage And all the men and women merely players. (Shakespeare, As You Like It)</a></p><p class="s1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Christopher Marlow</p><ul dir="ltr" id="l6" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0pt; text-align: left;"><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 24pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Education</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Espionage</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Language</p><p class="s1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Christopher Marlow</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 24pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Tamburlaine</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Dido, Queen of Carthage</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">The Jew of Malta</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Edward II</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Dr. Faustus</p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 21pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Overreachers</p></li></ul><p class="s15" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 36pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Dido, Queen of Carthage</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 10pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Dido, Queen of Carthage (full title: The Tragedie of Dido Queene of Carthage) is a short play written by the English playwright Christopher Marlowe, with possible contributions by Thomas Nashe. It was probably written between 1587 and 1593, and was first published in 1594. The story focuses on the classical figure of Dido, the Queen of Carthage. It tells an intense dramatic tale of Dido and her fanatical love for Aeneas (induced by Cupid), Aeneas' betrayal of her and her eventual suicide on his departure for Italy. The playwrights relied on Books 1, 2, and 4 of Virgil's Aeneid as primary source.</p><p class="s8" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 38pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The Jew of Malta</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 10pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The Jew of Malta, five-act tragedy in blank verse by Christopher Marlowe,</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 1pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">produced about 1590 and published in 1633.</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">In order to raise tribute demanded by the Turks, the Christian governor of Malta seizes half the property of all Jews living on Malta. When Barabas, a wealthy Jewish merchant, protests, his entire estate is confiscated. Seeking revenge on his enemies, Barabas plots their destruction, but in the end he is betrayed and dies the death he had planned for his enemies.</p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Edward II</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The play follows the tragic hero Edward II as the English nobility challenge his rule as king because of his relationship with Piers Gaveston Edward II's confidant, court favorite, and lover.</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 7pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">In Edward II, Marlowe shows a man developing an appetite for power and increasingly corrupted as power comes to him. In each instance the dramatist shares in the excitement of the pursuit of glory.</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Zenocrate, were Egypt Jove’s own land,</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 46.6667px; margin: 0pt; padding: 8pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Yet would I with my sword make Jove to stoop. I will confute those blind geographers</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 46.6667px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">That make a triple region in the world, Excluding regions which I mean to trace, And with this pen reduce them to a map, Calling the provinces, cities, and towns, After my name and thine, Zenocrate: Here at Damascus will I make the point That shall begin the perpendicular. . . . (Tamburlaine the Great, Part One)</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 46.6667px; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Thus, loving neither, will I live with both, Making a profit of my policy;</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 46.6667px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">And he from whom my most advantage comes, Shall be my friend.</p><p class="s6" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 46.6667px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">This is the life we Jews are us’d to lead; And reason too, for Christians do the like. (The Jew of Malta)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><ul dir="ltr" id="l7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0pt; text-align: left;"><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Life</p><p class="s1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">William Shekespeare</p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Education</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Style</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Works</p><p class="s1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Early plays from 1589 to 1593</p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35pt;">KING HENRY VI, PART ONE</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 98pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -43pt;">KING HENRY VI, PART TWO</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 98pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -43pt;">KING HENRY VI, PART THREE</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 97pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42pt;">TITUS ANDRONICUS</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 97pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42pt;">THE COMEDY OF ERRORS</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 97pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42pt;">THE TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 97pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42pt;">THE TAMING OF THE SHREW</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 98pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -43pt;">KING RICHARD III</p><p class="s1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Plays from 1593 to 1598</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 24pt 0px 0px 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35pt;">KING JOHN</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35pt;">LOVE’S LABOUR’S LOST</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35pt;">ROMEO AND JULIET</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 88pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33pt;">A MIDSUMMER NIGHT’S DREAM</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34pt;">THE MERCHANT OF VENICE</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35pt;">KING RICHARD II</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35pt;">KING HENRY IV, PART ONE</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35pt;">KING HENRY IV, PART TWO</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34pt;">THE MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR</p><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Romeo and Juliet</p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 7pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The Montagues and Capulets, the two chief families of Verona, are bitter enemies; Escalus, the prince, threatens anyone who disturbs the peace with death. Romeo, son of old Lord Montague, is in love with Lord Capulet's niece Rosaline. But at a feast given by Capulet, which Romeo attends disguised by a mask, he sees and falls in love with Juliet, Capulet's daughter, and she with him. After the feast he overhears, under her window, Juliet's confession of her love for him, and wins her consent to a secret marriage. With the help of Friar Laurence, they are wedded next day. Mercutio, a friend of Romeo, meets Tybalt, of the Capulet family, who is infuriated by his discovery of Romeo's presence at the feast, and they quarrel. Romeo comes on the scene, and attempts to reason with Tybalt, but Tybalt and Mercutio fight, and Mercutio falls. Then Romeo draws and Tybalt is killed. The prince, Montague, and Capulet come up, and Romeo is sentenced to banishment. Early next day, after spending the night with Juliet, he leaves Verona for Mantua, counselled by the friar, who intends to reveal Romeo's marriage at an opportune moment. Capulet proposes to marry Juliet to Count Paris, and when she seeks excuses to avoid this, peremptorily insists. Juliet consults the friar, who bids her consent to the match, but on the night before the wedding drink a potion which will render her apparently lifeless for 42 hours. He will warn Romeo, who will rescue her from the vault on her awakening and carry her to Mantua. The friar's message to Romeo miscarries, and Romeo hears that Juliet is dead. Buying poison, he comes to the vault to have a last sight of Juliet. He chances upon Count Paris outside the vault; they fight and Paris is killed. Then Romeo, after a last kiss on Juliet's lips, drinks the poison and dies. Juliet awakes and finds Romeo dead by her side, and the cup still in his hand. Guessing what has</p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 1pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">happened, she stabs herself and dies.</p><p class="s6" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 80pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Plays from 1598, with likely dates of composition</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s9" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 36pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35pt;">1598 MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING</p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><table cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0px 52.844pt; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><tr style="height: 26pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1599</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">KING HENRY V</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1599</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">JULIUS CAESAR</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1600</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 4pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">AS YOU LIKE IT</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1600</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">HAMLET</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1601</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">TWELFTH NIGHT</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1602</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">TROILUS AND CRESSIDA</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1603</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 4pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">ALL’S WELL THAT ENDS WELL</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1604</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">MEASURE FOR MEASURE</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1604</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">OTHELLO</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1605</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">KING LEAR</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1606</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">MACBETH</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1607</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 4pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 29pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1607</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">TIMON OF ATHENS</p></td></tr><tr style="height: 26pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">•</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 54pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 4pt 0px 0px; text-indent: 0pt;">1608</p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 295pt;"><p class="s16" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt;">CORIOLANUS</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Hamlet</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 7pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Old Hamlet, king of Denmark, is recently dead, and his brother Claudius has assumed the throne and married his widow Gertrude. Young Hamlet, returning from university at Wittenberg, learns from the ghost of his father that Claudius murdered him by pouring poison into his ear, and is commanded to avenge the murder without injuring Gertrude. Hamlet warns his friend Horatio and the guard Marcellus (who have also seen the apparition) that he intends to feign madness, and swears them to secrecy. Immediately after his famous speech of deliberation beginning 'To be, or not to be' (ill. i) he repudiates Ophelia, whom he has loved, while spied on by Claudius and by Ophelia's father Polonius. He welcomes a troupe of visiting players, and arranges a performance of a play ('the Mouse-trap') about fratricide, which Claudius breaks off, in apparently guilty and fearful fury, when the player Lucianus appears to murder his uncle by pouring poison into his ear. Hamlet refrains from killing Claudius while he is at prayer, but stabs through the arras in his mother's bedroom, killing the old counsellor Polonius, before reprimanding his mother for her affection for Claudius. Claudius sends Hamlet to England with sealed orders that he should be killed on arrival. Hamlet outwits him, however, returning to Denmark, having arranged the deaths of his old friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who were his uncle's agents. During Hamlet's absence Ophelia has gone mad with grief from Hamlet's rejection of her and her father's death, and is found drowned. Her brother Laertes, having returned from France, determines to avenge his sister's death. Hamlet and Laertes meet in the graveyard where Ophelia is to be buried, and fight in her grave. Claudius arranges a fencing match between Hamlet and Laertes, giving the latter a poisoned foil; an exchange of weapons results in the deaths of both combatants, not</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 1pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">before Gertrude has drunk a poisoned cup intended for her son, and the dying Hamlet has</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">To be or not to be, that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The slings and arrows of outrageous Fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep –</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">No more. And by a sleep, to say we end</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to; ’tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep –</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">To sleep, perchance to dream – aye, there’s the rub: For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Must give us pause. There’s the respect That makes calamity of so long life:</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor’s wrong, the poor man’s contumely, The pangs of disprized love, the law’s delay,</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes When he himself might his quietus make</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 16pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">With a bare bodkin? Who would these fardels bear,</p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Macbeth</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 7pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Macbeth and Banquo, generals of Duncan, king of Scotland, returning from a victorious campaign against rebels, encounter three weird sisters, or witches, upon a heath, who prophesy that Macbeth shall be thane of Cawdor, and king hereafter, and that Banquo shall beget kings though he be none. Immediately afterwards comes the news that the king has created Macbeth thane of Cawdor. Stimulated by the prophecy, and spurred on by Lady Macbeth, Macbeth murders Duncan, who is on a visit to his castle. Duncan's sons Malcolm and Donalbain escape, and Macbeth assumes the crown. To defeat the prophecy of the witches regarding Banquo, he orders the murder of Banquo and his son Fleance, but the latter escapes. Haunted by the ghost of Banquo, Macbeth consults the weird sisters, and is told to beware of Macduff, the thane of Fife; that none born of woman has power to harm Macbeth; and that he never will be vanquished till Birnam Wood shall come to Dunsinane. Learning that Macduff has joined Malcolm, who is gathering an army in England, he surprises the castle of Macduff and causes Lady Macduff and her children to be slaughtered. Lady Macbeth goes mad and dies. The army of Malcolm and Macduff attacks Macbeth; passing through Birnam Wood every man cuts a bough and under these 'leavy screens' marches on Dunsinane. Macduff, who was 'from his mother's womb I Untimely ripp'd', kills Macbeth. Malcolm is hailed king of Scotland.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">LADY MACBETH ‘They met me in the day of success: and I have</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">learned by the perfectest report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge. When I burned in desire to question them further, they made themselves air, into which they vanished. Whiles I stood rapt in</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">the wonder of it, came missives from the king, who all-hailed me ‘Thane of Cawdor;’ by which title, before, these weird sisters saluted me, and referred me to the coming on of time, with ‘Hail, king that shalt be!’ This have I thought good to deliver</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">thee, my dearest partner of greatness, that thou mightst not lose the dues of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee. Lay it to thy heart, and farewell.’</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">What thou art promised: yet do I fear thy nature;</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">It is too full o’ the milk of human kindness</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">To catch the nearest way: thou wouldst be great; Art not without ambition, but without</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The illness should attend it: what thou wouldst highly, That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false,</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">And yet wouldst wrongly win: thou’ldst have, great Glamis, That which cries ‘Thus thou must do, if thou have it;</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">And that which rather thou dost fear to do</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Than wishest should be undone.’ Hie thee hither,</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4pt;">That I may pour my spirits in thine ear; And chastise with the valour of my tongue</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">All that impedes thee from the golden round, Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem To have thee crown’d withal.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Messenger The king comes here to-night. LADY MACBETH Thou’rt mad to say it: Is not thy master with him? who, were’t so, Would have inform’d for preparation.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Messenger So please you, it is true: our thane is coming: One of my fellows had the speed of him,</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Who, almost dead for breath, had scarcely more Than would make up his message.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">LADY MACBETH Give him tending; He brings great news.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Exit Messenger</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The raven himself is hoarse</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan Under my battlements. Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty! make thick my blood;</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Stop up the access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 17pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The effect and it! Come to my woman’s breasts,</p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; line-height: 36pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Twelfth Night</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Sebastian and Viola, twin brother and sister and closely resembling one another, are separated in</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">a shipwreck off the coast of Illyria. Viola, brought to shore in a boat, disguises herself as a youth, Cesario, and takes service as page with Duke Orsino, who is in love with the lady Olivia. She rejects the duke's suit and will not meet him. Orsino makes a confidant of Cesario and sends her to press his suit on Olivia, much to the distress of Cesario, who has fallen in love with Orsino. Olivia in turn falls in love with Cesario. Sebastian and Antonio, captain of the ship that had rescued Sebas tian, now arrive in Illyria. Cesario, challenged to a duel by Sir Andrew Aguecheek, a rejected suitor of Olivia, is rescued from her predicament by Antonio, who takes her for Sebastian. Antonio, being arrested at that moment for an old offence, claims from Cesario a purse that he had entrusted to Sebastian, is denied it, and hauled off to prison. Olivia coming upon the true Sebastian, takes him for Cesario, invites him to her house, and marries him out of hand. Orsino comes to visit Olivia. Antonio, brought before him, claims Cesario as the youth he has rescued from the sea; while Olivia claims Cesario as her husband. The duke, deeply wounded, is bidding farewell to Olivia and the 'dissembling cub' Cesario, when the arrival of the true Sebastian clears up the confusion. The duke, having lost Olivia, and becoming conscious of the love that Viola has betrayed, turns his affection to her, and they are married.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Much of the play's comedy comes from the sub-plot dealing with the members of Olivia's household: Sir Toby Belch, her uncle, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, his friend, Malvolio, her pompous steward, Maria, her waiting-gentlewoman, and her clown Feste. Exasperated by Malvolio's officiousness, the other members of the household make him believe that Olivia is in love with him and that he must return her affection. In courting her he behaves so outrageously that he is imprisoned as a madman. Olivia has him released and the joke against him is explained, but he is</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 19pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">not amused by it, threatening, 'I'll be reveng'd on the whole pack of you.'</p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">‘Late’ plays</p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 8pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">1608 PERICLES</p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">1610 CYMBELINE</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">1611 THE WINTER’S TALE</p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">1611 THE TEMPEST</p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">1613 KING HENRY VIII</p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; line-height: 36pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Winter’s Tale</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 22pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Leontes, king of Sicily, and Hermione, his virtuous wife, are visited by Leontes's</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 1pt 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">childhood friend Polix enes, king of Bohemia. Leontes presently convinces himself that Hermione and Polixenes are lovers, attempts to procure the death of the latter by poison, and on his escape imprisons Hermione, who in prison gives birth to a daughter. Paulina, wife of Antigonus, a Sicilian lord, tries to move the king's compassion by bringing the baby to him, but in vain. He orders Antigonus to leave the child on a desert shore to perish. He disregards a Delphian oracle declaring Hermione innocent. He soon learns that his son Mamillius has died of sorrow for Hermione's treatment, and shortly after that Hermione herself is dead, and is filled with remorse. Meanwhile Antigonus leaves the baby girl, Perdita, on the shore of Bohemia, and is himself killed by a bear. Perdita is found and brought up by a shepherd. Sixteen years pass. When she grows up, Florizel, son of King Polixenes, falls in love with her, and his love is returned. This is discovered by Polixenes, to avoid whose anger Florizel, Perdita, and the old shepherd flee from Bohemia to the court of Leontes, where the identity of Perdita is discovered, to Leontes's great joy, and the revival of his grief for the loss of Hermione. Paulina offers to show him a statue that perfectly resembles Hermione, and when the king's grief is intensified by the sight of this, the statue comes to life and reveals itself as the living Hermione, whose death Paulina had falsely reported in order to save her life. Polixenes is reconciled to the marriage of his son with Perdita, on finding that the shepherd-girl is really the daughter of his former friend Leontes.</p><p class="s2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; line-height: 36pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The Tempest</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Prospero, duke of Milan, ousted from his throne by his brother Antonio, and turned adrift on the</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">sea with his child Miranda, has been cast upon a lonely island. This had been the place of banishment of the witch Sycorax. Prospero, by his knowledge of magic, has released various spirits (including Ariel) formerly imprisoned by the witch, and these now obey his orders. He also keeps in service the witch's son Caliban, a misshapen monster, formerly the sole inhabitant of the island. Prospero and Miranda have lived thus for 12 years. When the play begins a ship carrying the usurper, his confederate Alonso, king of Naples, his brother Sebastian and son Ferdinand, is by the art of Prospero wrecked on the island. The passengers are saved, but Ferdinand is thought by the rest to be drowned, and he thinks this is their fate. According to Prospero's plan Ferdinand and Miranda are thrown together, fall in love, and plight their troths. Prospero appears to distrust Ferdinand and sets him to carrying logs. On another part of the island Sebastian and Antonio plot to kill Alonso and Gonzalo, 'an honest old Councellor' who had helped Prospero in his banish ment. Caliban offers his services to Stephano, a drunken butler, and Trinculo, a jester, and persuades them to try to murder Prospero. As their conspiracy nears him, Prospero breaks off the masque of Iris, Juno, and Ceres, which Ariel has presented to Ferdinand and Miranda. Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo are driven off and Ariel brings the king and his courtiers to Prospero's cell. There he greets 'My true preserver' Gonzalo, forgives his brother Antonio, on the condi tion that he restores his dukedom to him, and reunites Alonso with his son Ferdinand, who is discovered playing chess with Miranda. While Alonso repents for what he has done, Antonio and Sebastian do not speak directly to Prospero, but exchange ironical and cynical comments with each other. The boatswain and master of the ship appear to say that it has been magically repaired and that the crew is safe. Before all embark for Italy Prospero frees Ariel from his service, renounces his magic, and leaves Caliban once more alone on the island.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">O, I have suffered</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">With those that I saw suffer.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">(Miranda, Act 1 Scene 2)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">My library was dukedom large enough. (Prospero, Act 1 Scene 2)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Ferdinand,</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">With hair up-staring – then like reeds, not hair –Was the first man that leaped; cried ‘Hell is empty And all the devils are here.’</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">(Ariel, Act 1 Scene 2)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">For I am all the subjects that you have, Which first was mine own king. (Caliban, Act 1 Scene 2)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows. (Trinculo, Act 2 Scene 2)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Hast thou not dropped from heaven?</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">(Caliban, Act 2 Scene 2)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">I am your wife, if you will marry me:</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">If not, I'll die your maid: to be your fellow You may deny me, but I'll be your servant, Whether you will or no.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">(Miranda, Act 3 Scene 1)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Our revels now are ended. These our actors,</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">As I foretold you, were all spirits and</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Are melted into air, into thin air;</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">And, like the baseless fabric of this vision,</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces, The solemn temples, the great globe itself, Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve,</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff As dreams are made on: and our little life Is rounded with a sleep.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 17pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">(Prospero, Act 4 Scene 1)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Where the bee sucks, there suck I:</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">In a cowslip's bell I lie:</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">There I couch when owls do cry. On the bat's back I do fly</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">After summer merrily.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Merrily, merrily, shall I live now</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Under the blossom that hangs on the bough. (Ariel, Act 5 Scene 1)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">O, wonder!</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, That has such people in't.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">(Miranda, Act 5 Scene 1)</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">As you from crimes would pardoned be, Let your indulgence set me free. (Prospero, Epilogue)</p><p class="s1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Ben Janson</p><ul dir="ltr" id="l8" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0pt; text-align: left;"><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 24pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Life</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Influence</p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Comedy of Humors</p><p class="s1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 44pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Christopher Marlow</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 24pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Everyman in His Humor</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Everyman Out of His Humor</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Sejanus His Fall</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Eastward Ho</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Volpone</p></li><li data-list-text="•" style="display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="s2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 32pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0px 0px 82pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">Alchemsit</p></li></ul><p class="s15" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 36pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Sejanus His Fall</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">A Roman tragedy by Jonson, performed by the King's Men 1603, with Shakespeare and Burbage in the cast, printed 1605.</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 4pt 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Based mainly on Tacitus, the play deals with the rise of Sejanus during the reign of Tiberius, his destruction of the family of Germanicus, and his poisoning of Tiberius' son Drusus. Suspecting the scope of his favourite's ambition, Tiberius leaves Rome, setting his agent Macro to spy on him. Tiberius denounces Sejanus in a letter to the senate, which condemns him to death, and the mob, stirred up by Macro, tears him to pieces.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">MAMMON The whole nest are fled! LOVEWIT What sort of birds were they? MAMM]ON A kind of choughs,</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Or thievish daws, sir, that have pick’d my purse</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Of eight score and ten pounds, within these five weeks, Beside my first materials; and my goods</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">That lie i’ the cellar; which I am glad they ha’ left; I may have home yet.</p><p class="s15" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 36pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Eastward Hoe</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 10pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Eastward Hoe, a comedy by G. *Chapman, *Jonson, and J. *Marston, printed 1605, having been previously performed by the Children of the Revels at the Blackfriars. A passage derogatory to the Scots (ill. iii. 40-7) gave offence at court, and Chapman and Jonson were imprisoned, but released on the inter cession of powerful friends. The play is particularly interesting for the light it throws on London life of the time. Like Dekker's Shoemaker's Holiday, it gives a sympathetic picture of a tradesman.</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 43pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The plot contrasts the careers of the virtuous and idle apprentices, Golding and Quicksilver, of the goldsmith Touchstone; and the fates of his two daughters, the modest Mildred, who marries the industrious Golding, and the immodest Gertrude who, in order to ride in her own coach, marries the penniless adventurer Sir Petronel Flash. Golding soon rises to the dignity of a deputy alderman, while Sir Petronel, having sent off his lady in a coach to an imaginary castle of his and filched her dowry, sets off for Virginia, accompanied by the prodigal Quicksilver, who has robbed his master. They are wrecked on the Isle of Dogs, and brought up before Golding, the deputy alderman. After some days in prison, where their mortifications lead them to repent, they are released at Golding's intercession.</p><p class="s15" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 36pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 2pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Sejanus His Fall</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">A Roman tragedy by Jonson, performed by the King's Men 1603, with Shakespeare and Burbage in the cast, printed 1605.</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 4pt 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Based mainly on Tacitus, the play deals with the rise of Sejanus during the reign of Tiberius, his destruction of the family of Germanicus, and his poisoning of Tiberius' son Drusus. Suspecting the scope of his favourite's ambition, Tiberius leaves Rome, setting his agent Macro to spy on him. Tiberius denounces Sejanus in a letter to the senate, which condemns him to death, and the mob, stirred up by Macro, tears him to pieces.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">MAMMON The whole nest are fled! LOVEWIT What sort of birds were they? MAMM]ON A kind of choughs,</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Or thievish daws, sir, that have pick’d my purse</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Of eight score and ten pounds, within these five weeks, Beside my first materials; and my goods</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">That lie i’ the cellar; which I am glad they ha’ left; I may have home yet.</p><h1 dir="ltr" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 36pt; margin: 0px; padding: 3pt 0px 0px 89pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">The Alchemist</h1><p class="s17" dir="ltr" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Dapper" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">The play concerns the turmoil of deception that ensues when Lovewit leaves his London house in the care of his scheming servant, Face. With the aid of a fraudulent alchemist named Subtle and his companion, Dol Common, Face sets about dispensing spurious charms and services to a steady stream of dupes. These include the intemperate knight Sir Epicure Mammon, the pretentious Puritans Ananias and Tribulation Wholesome, the ambitious tobacconist Abel Drugger, the gamester law clerk </a><span style="color: #009999; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: underline;">Dapper</span>, and the parvenu Kastril with his widowed sister, Pliant. The shrewd gambler Surly nearly exposes the sham by posing as a Spanish don seeking the hand of Pliant, but the gullible parties reject his accusations. When Lovewit reappears without warning, Subtle and Dol flee the scene, leaving Face to make peace by arranging the marriage of his master to the beautiful and wealthy Dame Pliant.</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">MAMMON The whole nest are fled! LOVEWIT What sort of birds were they? MAMMON A kind of choughs,</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Or thievish daws, sir, that have pick’d my purse</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0pt; padding: 5pt 0px 0px 15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">Of eight score and ten pounds, within these five weeks, Beside my first materials; and my goods</p><p class="s9" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt; margin: 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt;">That lie i’ the cellar; which I am glad they ha’ left;</p>Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-38669356275416598752024-01-07T10:12:00.000-08:002024-01-07T10:13:07.737-08:00Renaissance Play 2<p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 21.3333px; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><a name="bookmark0"></a><div style="text-align: justify;"><a name="bookmark0"></a><a name="bookmark0"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%;">drama before shakespeare</span></b></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">All the world’ s a stage<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">And all the men and women merely players<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Shakespeare, <i>As You Like It</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The move from self-conscious literary awareness to a broader-based
popular appeal is in part due to the work of the ‘university wits’: Christopher
Marlowe, Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Nashe and Thomas Lodge, the
generation educated at Oxford and Cambridge universities who used their poetry
to make theatre, breathed new life into classical models and brought a new
audience to the issues and conflicts which the stage could dramatise.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The earliest plays of the period, in the 55s and 56s, establish comedy
and tragedy as the types of drama. Both were derived from Latin sources:
comedies from the works of Terence and Plautus, tragedies largely from Seneca,
with echoes from Greek antecedents in both cases. The mediaeval miracle and
mystery plays, and the kind of court ‘interludes’ played for the monarch, also
contributed to the development of Renaissance drama. Its broad humour, its use
of ballad, poetry, dance and music, its tendency towards allegory and symbolism
flow from this native English source. Thus, although drama went through rapid
changes in the period, its historical credentials were rich and varied as
indeed were its range and impact. It was an age when the need for a social
demonstration of an English nationalism and Protestantism climaxed in the
public arena of a diverse and energetic theatre. This was the golden age of
English drama.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">One clear link between late mediaeval morality plays and
sixteenth-century theatre is <i>The Four PP</i>, by John Heywood, which
dates from the early<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">54s. The four speakers are a palmer, a pardoner, a ’pothecary, and a
pedlar; their ‘drama’ is little more than a debate, but it is a significant
precursor of the realistic comedies of later in the century. Heywood’s other
works include <i>The Play of the Weather </i>(533) in which the main
character is Jupiter. Again a debate drama (<i>Winner and Waster </i>(see
page 24) is a poetic equivalent from two centuries before), this has been seen
as a precursor of the Jacobean masque (see page 3), but it is quite different
in purpose: an entertainment with some appeal to the audience’s intelligence
rather than a celebration of the monarchy with an underlying moral purpose,
which is what the masque became. The language of this speech by Jupiter
provides a useful link between mediaeval English and the more modern language
found little more than fifty years later in the early plays of William
Shakespeare.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">And so in all thynges, wyth one voyce agreable, We have clerely fynyshed
our foresayd parleament,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To your great welth, whyche shall be fyrme and stable, And to our honour
farre inestymable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">For syns theyr powers, as ours, addyd to our owne, Who can, we say, know
us as we shulde be knowne?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<i>The Play of the Weather</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Henry Medwall’s comic interlude <i>Fulgens and Lucrece </i>(497)
is generally held to be the most successful of such early Tudor dramas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ralph Roister Doister </span></i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(about
552) by Nicholas Udall, and <i>Gorboduc </i>(56) by Thomas Norton
and Thomas Sackville are generally taken to be the first comedy and tragedy
respectively. <i>Gammer Gurton’s Needle </i>(acted at Cambridge in
566; author unknown) introduced a farcical element within a local domestic
scenario more closely related to the daily life of the audience. What is
fundamentally important in these first plays, as opposed to many direct translations
from the classics, is that the early models were rapidly superseded. What
emerges is the essential Englishness of the characters and settings, despite
continuing adherence to classical models in the works of some major
playwrights. <i>Gorboduc</i>, for instance, replaced the awkward
distancing of the characters speaking in rhymed verse with the blank verse
which became the standard form of Elizabethan and Jacobean drama.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Classical writers, from Greek and Latin, are somewhere in the background
of <i>all </i>English literature, from Chaucer up until the twentieth
century. Their presence cannot be ignored, and their influence – direct or
indirect – cannot be overvalued. Drama was in fact moving away from these
models and establishing its own style and form. Classical influences reached a
threefold climax around 59 with the great tragedies of Christopher Marlowe,
the major Senecan-influenced play <i>The Spanish Tragedy </i>by
Thomas Kyd, and the best reworking of a Plautus comedy in <i>The Comedy of
Errors </i>by an emerging young dramatist called William Shakespeare.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In <i>The Spanish Tragedy </i>(592), Hieronimo makes many long
speeches, questioning and justifying his actions. At the end of the play, he
memorably ‘bites out his tongue’ as part of a climax of bloodshed which will come
to be typical of the tragedy of revenge. Shortly before the end, he proclaims
his grief to his on-stage listeners:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">No, princes, know I am Hieronimo, The hopeless father of a hapless son,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Whose tongue is tun’d to tell his latest tale, Not to excuse gross errors
in the play.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I see your looks urge instance of these words, Behold the reason urging
me to this:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">See here my show, look on this spectacle:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Here lay my hope, and here my hope hath end: Here lay my heart, and here
my heart was slain: Here lay my treasure, here my treasure lost: Here lay my
bliss, and here my bliss bereft:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">But hope, heart, treasure, joy and bliss,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">All fled, fail’d, died, yea, all decay’d with this.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[<i>Shows his dead son.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This repeated bewailing of loss is also used by Shakespeare in <i>Richard
III</i>, one of his early tragedies (<i>c.</i>592), when the queens bemoan
their loss:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">queen margaret Tell o’er your woes again by viewing mine.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I had an Edward, till a Richard kill’d him; I had a husband, till a
Richard kill’d him:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Thou hadst an Edward, till a Richard kill’d him; Thou hadst a Richard,
till a Richard kill’d him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">duchess of york I had a Richard too, and thou didst kill him;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I had a Rutland too: thou holpst to kill him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">queen margaret Thou hadst a Clarence too, and Richard kill’d him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This contrasts with the lighter language of comedy, full of sexual play
and even geography, as Dromio of Syracuse describes a woman to Antipholus in
Shakespeare’s <i>The Comedy of Errors </i>(<i>c</i>.589) as ‘One
that claims me, one that haunts me, one that will have me’:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">antipholus of syracuse Then she bears some breadth?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dromio of syracuse No longer from head to foot than from hip to hip.
She is spherical, like a globe. I could find out countries in her.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">antipholus of syracuse In what part of her body stands Ireland?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dromio of syracuse Marry, sir, in her buttocks. I found it out by
the bogs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">antipholus of syracuse Where Scotland?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dromio of syracuse I found it by the barrenness, hard in the palm of
her hand.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">As this shows, Shakespeare’s audience was quite happy to laugh at fat
ladies, lavatorial humour and legendary Scottish meanness!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">William Shakespeare moves rapidly on from his classical models. Christopher
Marlowe, however, who was to achieve great success as a playwright, used his
classical background to create rich, rolling, heroic verses whose heightened
rhetoric matched the hugely spectacular dramatic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">intentions of the writing. <i>Hero and Leander</i>, a long poem on a
classical subject, contains the famous line:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Whoever loved who loved not at first sight?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This is indicative of Marlowe. Romantic, rhetorical, subversive, radical
and powerfully memorable, all his writing is exciting, stretching the bounds of
language and imagination to new limits, making his heroes overreach themselves
and suffer the consequences. Critics have, at different times, stressed the
tragic end of Marlowe’s heroes or, conversely, the spectacular subversiveness
of their aims: like all great writers, Christopher Marlowe can be interpreted
and reinterpreted by readers and audiences of every age.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Every age, sometimes every decade, has different heroes. It is
instructive to compare the Marlovian dramatic hero of the late 58s and early<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">59s with the Shakespearean hero that evolved after Marlowe’s early
death (in a pub brawl; some say because he was a spy). Marlowe’s heroes are
larger than life, exaggerated both in their faults and their qualities. They
want to conquer the whole world (Tamburlaine), to attain limitless wealth
(Barabas, the Jew of Malta), to possess all knowledge (Doctor Faustus). The
verse they speak is correspondingly powerful, rhetorical, rich in metaphor and
effect.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Continuing with geographical references, Tamburlaine, victorious over his
enemies, rejoices in the ‘divine’ Zenocrate, and tells her how he would redraw
the map of the world:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Zenocrate, were Egypt Jove’s own land,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Yet would I with my sword make Jove to stoop. I will confute those blind
geographers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">That make a triple region in the world, Excluding regions which I mean to
trace, And with this pen reduce them to a map, Calling the provinces, cities,
and towns, After my name and thine, Zenocrate:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Here at Damascus will I make the point That shall begin the perpendicular
. . .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<i>Tamburlaine the Great</i>, Part One)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Barabas, similarly, is quite explicit about his role, his greed, and his
religion:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Thus, loving neither, will I live with both, Making a profit of my policy;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">And he from whom my most advantage comes, Shall be my friend.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This is the life we Jews are us’d to lead; And reason too, for Christians
do the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<i>The Jew of Malta</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faustus sells his soul to the devil, Mephistopheles. But, all through the
play, Faustus is torn by doubts and fears; he is one of the first tragic heroes
to go through such intellectual torment. Here, he speaks to himself:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Now, Faustus, must thou needs be damn’d, And canst thou not be sav’d:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">What boots it, then, to think of God or heaven? Away with such vain
fancies, and despair; Despair in God, and trust in Belzebub:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Now go not backward; no, Faustus, be resolute:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Why waverest thou? Oh, something soundeth in mine ears, ‘Abjure this
magic, turn to God again!’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ay, and Faustus will turn to God again. To God? he loves thee not;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The god thou servest is thine own appetite, Wherein is fix’d the love of
Belzebub:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To him I’ll build an altar and a church,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">And offer lukewarm blood of new-born babes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<i>Doctor Faustus</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Marlowe was one of the first major writers to affirm what can be
identified as a clearly homosexual sensibility, and his historical
tragedy <i>Edward II </i>examines sexual choice and preference in
relation to the questioning of authority, power, and love in a way which few
other writers were able to do until the twentieth century. Marlowe has been
described as a ‘sexual political thinker’ whose writings successfully question
and reveal, through a process of estrangement, the terms of the contemporary
debate. Here King Edward asserts his role as king, against the threats of his
nobles, in honouring his beloved Gaveston:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">king edward I cannot brook these haughty menaces: Am I a king, and
must be over-rul’d?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Brother, display my ensigns in the field; I’ll bandy with the barons and
the earls, And either die or live with Gaveston.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">gaveston I can no longer keep me from my lord.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">king edward What, Gaveston! welcome! Kiss not my hand: Embrace me,
Gaveston, as I do thee: . . .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<i>Edward the Second </i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It is King Edward’s love for Gaveston which brings about his downfall. A
similar homosexual relationship between King Richard and his lover is
significantly not mentioned in Shakespeare’s <i>Richard II</i>. In his
imprisonment, Edward reaches a tragic dignity in the face of humiliation and
disgrace:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Immortal powers, that know the painful cares That waits upon my poor
distressed soul,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oh, level all your looks upon these daring men<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">That wrongs their liege and sovereign, England’s king! O Gaveston, it is
for thee that I am wrong’d,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">For me both thou and both the Spencers died; And for your sakes a
thousand wrongs I’ll take. The Spencers’ ghosts, wherever they remain, Wish
well to mine; then, tush, for them I’ll die.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Marlowe’s plays explore the boundaries of the new world and the risks
that mankind will run in the quest for power, for knowledge, for love. His
plays are full of spectacular action, bloodshed, and passion, to match the
language he uses. When Doctor Faustus must yield his soul to the Devil,
Mephistopheles, at the end of the tragedy, it can be interpreted as a moment of
self-knowledge – an epiphany of how weak, how transient, how empty is man’s
life on earth, especially in relation to the eternal and the powerful. This
transience of human life is echoed again and again in Elizabethan writing, and
the ‘two hours’ traffic of our stage’ becomes the symbol and emblem of man’s
role in the world. The Chorus proclaims:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cut is the branch that might have grown full straight,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">with the warning not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To practise more than heavenly power permits.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<i>Doctor Faustus</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%;">from the
street to a building – the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%;">elizabethan
theatre<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">By the time Marlowe was writing, a new type of audience had been created
for a different kind of theatrical performance. Earlier in the century, the
mystery and morality plays had been performed almost anywhere, outside, often
moved from location to location by wagon. In contrast, ‘interludes’ –little
more than dramatic verse – were performed for the elite at court or in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">manor houses. In the latter part of Elizabeth’s reign, these two groups
came together to form an audience mixed across the classes, professions and
trades. Fixed theatres were established in London and while most, like the
Globe, were open to the sky, a small number, such as the later Blackfriars,
were completely enclosed. This entailed daytime performances without lights or
a stage curtain and very few, if any, props, though the actors were dressed in
rich costumes. There were no scene changes in the modern sense and the action
moved fluidly from one scene to the next without an apparent break. The
platform stage – known as a thrust stage – was pushed out into the audience who
stood around it on three sides with a few privileged persons seated on the edge
of the stage. This entailed a much closer intimacy between the actors and their
audience and made more sense, for instance, of the soliloquy as an aside to the
dramatic action. It also required a greater imaginative effort by the audience
compared with the modern theatre, but this was perhaps not so difficult for
spectators who had<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">previously watched performances on wagons.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Alongside the development of theatres came the growth of an acting
culture; in essence it was the birth of the acting profession. Plays had
generally been performed by amateurs – often men from craft guilds. Towards the
end of the sixteenth century there developed companies of actors usually under
the patronage of a powerful or wealthy individual. These companies offered some
protection against the threat of Puritan intervention, censorship, or closure
on account of the plague. They encouraged playwrights to write drama which
relied on ensemble playing rather than the more static set pieces associated
with the classical tradition. They employed boys to play the parts of women and
contributed to the development of individual performers. Audiences began to
attend the theatre to see favourite actors, such as Richard Burbage or Will
Kempe, as much as to see a particular play.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Although the companies brought some stability and professionalism to the
business of acting – for instance, Shakespeare’s company, the Lord
Chamberlain’s, subsequently the King’s, Men, continued until the theatres
closed (642) – they offered little security for the playwright. Shakespeare
was in this respect, as in others, the exception to the rule that even the
best-known and most successful dramatists of the period often remained
financially insecure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In the humanist world following Erasmus, man is at the centre of the
universe. Man becomes largely responsible for his own destiny, behaviour and
future. This is the new current of thought which finds its manifestation in the
writing of the 59s and the decades which follow. The euphoria of Elizabeth’s
global affirmation of authority was undermined<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">7 | <i>The Renaissance 18–1660<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in these years by intimations of mortality: in 59 she was 57 years old.
No one could tell how much longer her golden age would last; hence, in part,
Spenser’s attempts to analyse and encapsulate that glory in an epic of the age.
This concern about the death of a monarch who – as Gloriana, the Virgin Queen –
was both symbol and totem, underscores the deeper realisation that mortality is
central to life. After the Reformation, the certainties of heaven and hell were
less clear, more debatable, more uncertain.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%;">renaissance
prose<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">What is Truth; said jesting Pilate; and would not
stay for an answer<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Sir Francis Bacon, <i>Of Truth</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In prose, the classical influences found in poetry and drama are
reflected in different ways. There is the flowery style of John Lyly’s <i>Euphues </i>(578–8).
This work gives its name to an over-elaborate style, which is well exemplified
in Euphues’s speech to his beloved:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gentlewoman, my acquaintance being so little I am afraid my credit will
be less, for that they commonly are soonest believed that are best beloved, and
they liked best whom we have known longest. Nevertheless, the noble mind
suspecteth no guile without cause, neither condemneth any wight without proof.
Having therefore notice of your heroical heart I am the better persuaded of my
good hap. So it is, Lucilla, that coming to Naples but to fetch fire, as the
byword is, not to make my place of abode, I have found such flames that I can
neither quench them with the water of free will neither cool them with wisdom.
For as the hop, the pole being never so high, groweth to the end, or as the dry
beech, kindled at the root, never leaveth until it come to the top, or as one
drop of poison disperseth itself into every vein, so affection having caught
hold of my heart, and the sparkles of love kindled my liver, will suddenly
though secretly flame up into my head and spread itself into every sinew.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This elaboration contrasts with the much more economical, yet rhetorical,
style of Sir Francis Bacon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">What is Truth; said jesting Pilate; and would not stay for an answer. . .
. The knowledge of truth, which is the presence of it; and the belief of truth,
which is the enjoying of it; is the sovereign good of human nature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><a name="bookmark1"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%;">Other early seventeenth-century dramatists</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The great flourishing of drama as a popular form in the 59s left an
enormous number of plays, and a generation of playwrights who are major writers
but who have been overshadowed by the ever-present figure of William
Shakespeare.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The distinction between tragedy and comedy, in writers other than
Shakespeare, becomes more and more distinct during the first twenty-five years
of the seventeenth century. The world of Jacobean tragedy is a dark world of
corruption, perversion, blood and passion. The world of comedy is more
localised, ‘city comedy’, based on the city of London and its people, with
their obsessions, above all, with money and sex.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The major figures in Jacobean drama (Shakespeare and Ben Jonson aside)
are Thomas Middleton, John Webster, Thomas Dekker, Francis Beaumont and John
Fletcher (usually in collaboration), Thomas Heywood, and Philip Massinger. In
the Caroline period (after the accession of Charles I in 625) – although
Jonson was still writing – the most significant (tragic) dramatist was John
Ford.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Almost all playwrights in this period wrote some of their works in
collaboration with other writers: such was the demand for new plays that collaboration
was one means of keeping up with demand. Shakespeare is thought to have had
collaborators on <i>Pericles </i>(not included in the First Folio,
but in the second issue (664) of the Third Folio) and on <i>Henry VIII</i>,
and there are several apocryphal plays in which he might have had a hand. <i>Sir
Thomas More </i>is the best known of these. <i>The Two Noble
Kinsmen </i>is sometimes included in the Shakespeare canon, sometimes not.
It is not included in any of the folio editions of Shakespeare’s plays, but has
now more or less been accepted as a collaboration between Shakespeare and John
Fletcher.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fletcher’s name is usually associated with Francis Beaumont, and <i>The
Maid’ s Tragedy </i>(6–) is among the most notable of their joint
works. Both wrote plays individually, Beaumont’s <i>The Knight of the
Burning Pestle </i>(67–8) being one of the most adventurous experiments
in comedy of the time. As Ralph, an apprentice, sets himself up as the ‘Knight’
with a pestle (a kitchen implement used for grinding herbs) rather than a
sword, there are comments from ‘the audience’ which create different levels of
performance, as stage and ‘audience’ interact. There are also some neat jokes
against the old-fashioned language of knights.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ralph My elder prentice Tim shall be my trusty squire, and little
George my dwarf. Hence, my blue apron! Yet, in remembrance of my former<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">trade, upon my shield shall be portrayed a Burning Pestle, and I will be
called the Knight of the Burning Pestle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">wife Nay, I dare swear thou wilt not forget thy old trade; thou wert
ever<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">meek.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ralph Tim!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">tim Anon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ralph My beloved squire, and George my dwarf, I charge you that from
henceforth you never call me by any other name but ‘the right courteous and
valiant Knight of the Burning Pestle’; and that you never call any female by
the name of a woman or wench; but ‘fair lady’, if she have her desires, if not,
‘distressed damsel’; that you call all forests and heaths ‘deserts’, and all
horses ‘palfreys’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">wife This is very fine, faith. – Do the gentlemen like Ralph, think
you,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">husband?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">citizen Aye, I warrant thee; the players would give all the shoes in
their shop for him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ralph My beloved squire Tim, stand out. Admit this were a desert,
and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">over it a knight-errant pricking, and I should bid you inquire of his
intents, what would you say?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">tim Sir, my master sent me to know whither you are riding?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ralph No, thus: ‘Fair sir, the right courteous and valiant Knight of
the Burning Pestle commanded me to inquire upon what adventure you are bound,
whether to relieve some distressed damsel, or otherwise.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jonson, Nashe, Middleton and many others worked on theatrical
collaborations. One result of all this is that it can be difficult to attribute
authorship to some texts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The tragedy of revenge, which had been highly successful in the 59s,
reaches a kind of climax in <i>The Revenger’ s Tragedy</i>, published in
67. In this scene, the revenger, Vindice, is pleased with his murderous
work: <i>pleasure </i>in killing is something of a new development in
Jacobean tragedy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lussurioso Be witnesses of a strange spectacle: Choosing for private
conference that sad room, We found the Duke my father geal’d in blood.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1st servant My Lord the Duke! – run, hie thee Nencio,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Startle the court by signifying so much.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[<i>Exit </i>nencio]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">vindice [<i>aside</i>] Thus much by wit a deep revenger can, When
murder’s known, to be the clearest man.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We’re fordest off, and with as bold an eye, Survey his body as the
standers-by.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lussurioso My royal father, too basely let blood, By a malevolent
slave.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hippolito [<i>aside</i>] Hark,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">He calls thee slave again.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">vindice [<i>aside</i>] H’ ’as lost, he may.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lussurioso Oh sight, look hither, see, his lips are gnawn With
poison.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">vindice How – his lips? by th’ mass they be.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lussurioso O villain – O rogue – O slave – O rascal!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hippolito [<i>aside</i>] O good deceit, he quits him with like
terms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">For many years, the author’s name associated with this black farce, a
chilling parody of the genre which reached its highest point in
Shakespeare’s <i>Hamlet</i>, was Cyril Tourneur. Recent research has
suggested that the work is more probably by Thomas Middleton. He was an author
of considerable range, writing many of the pageants for London’s Lord Mayor’s
Shows, as well as two of the major tragedies of the time, both from the 62s
– <i>The Changeling </i>(in collaboration with William Rowley)
and <i>Women Beware Women</i>. <i>The Changeling </i>uses the
setting of a madhouse to bring out some of the contrasts between reason and
madness. Here, Isabella speaks to Antonio – the changeling of the title – who
pretends to be mad; Lollio is the keeper of the madhouse.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">isabella How long hast thou been a fool?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">antonio Ever since I came hither, Cousin.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">isabella Cousin? I’m none of thy cousins, fool.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">antonio Oh Mistress, fools have always so much wit as to claim their
kindred.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[<i>Madman within</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bounce, bounce, he falls, he falls.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">isabella Hark you, your scholars in the upper room Are out of order.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lollio Must I come amongst you there? Keep you the fool, Mistress,
I’ll go<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">up, and play left-handed Orlando amongst the madmen.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In the final scene, murder is revealed as the final result of sexual
corruption, when the heroine confesses to her husband; just before she and her
corruptor, De Flores, die:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">beatrice Beneath the stars, upon yon meteor Ever hung my fate,
’mongst things corruptible, I ne’er could pluck it from him, my loathing Was
prophet to the rest, but ne’er believ’d;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mine honour fell with him, and now my life. Alsemero, I am a stranger to
your bed,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Your bed was coz’ned on the nuptial night, For which your false bride
died.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">alsemero Diaphanta!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">de flores Yes, and the while I coupled with your mate At
barley-brake; now we are left in hell.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">vermandero We are all there, it circumscribes here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">de flores I lov’d this woman in spite of her heart, Her love I
earn’d out of Piracquo’s murder.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">tomazo Ha, my brother’s murtherer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This atmosphere of corruption – sexual and moral – is central to Jacobean
tragedy, and will explore even further the depths of human weakness in the two
decades which follow <i>The Changeling. </i>It was partly this
content and partly the political undertones which gave the Puritans
considerable grounds for opposing the theatre, and, indeed, censoring it on
occasion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Middleton’s <i>A Game at Chess </i>(624), an allegorical
comedy on political themes, putting on stage the figures of the kings of
England and Spain, as well as other recognisable aristocratic and political
characters, was suppressed by the authorities – after an immensely successful
run of nine performances: this was one of the most blatant manifestations of
political censorship of theatre. Jonson had had trouble earlier in the century,
when some of his writing was considered treasonous, pro-Catholic and
anti-Scottish; but the strongest complaint against <i>A Game at
Chess </i>came from the Spanish Ambassador.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Censorship, at this time, generally reflected anxieties for the stability
of the state at a time of considerable political uncertainty. Internal politics
in the late 59s were concerned with the possibility of revolt; with foreign
powers, such as the Spanish in the 62s, it was felt necessary to maintain
diplomatic harmony: a play like <i>A Game at Chess </i>risked causing
offence because of the way it satirised the Spanish in a religious and political
context.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Some reason for the Puritans’ objections to the ‘immorality’ of the stage
can be found in the highly charged passions displayed, for instance, in John
Webster’s <i>The White Devil </i>and <i>The Duchess of
Malfi </i>(both between<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">69 and 63), tragedies which raise the themes of blood, lust and
intrigue to new heights of poetry and violence. It is this rich mixture of
shocking themes and vivid language which characterises Jacobean tragedy, and
gives it an intensity which no other age has repeated in English drama. In the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">scene of her death at the hands of Bosola, the Duchess of Malfi accepts
her fate: but her servant, Cariola, is less amenable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">duchess<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Come, violent death,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Serve for mandragora to make me sleep! –Go tell my brothers, when I am
laid out, They then may feed in quiet.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[<i>They strangle her</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bosola Where’s the waiting-woman?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fetch her: some other strangle the children.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[<i>Enter </i>Executioners <i>with </i>cariola]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Look you, there sleeps your mistress.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cariola Oh, you are damn’d Perpetually for this! My turn is next;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Is’t not so order’d?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bosola Yes, and I am glad You are so well prepar’d for ’t.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cariola You are deceiv’d, sir,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I am not prepar’d for ’t, I will not die,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I will first come to my answer; and know How I have offended.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bosola Come, despatch her. –<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">You kept her counsel, now you shall keep ours.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bosola is one of the most corrupt figures in Jacobean tragedy. He says,
‘my corruption stems from horse dung’ (he is an ostler). He also memorably
describes the negative aspect of politics, in the words:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A politician is the devil’s quilted anvil;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">He fashions all sins on him, and the blows Are never heard: . . .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">John Ford’s <i>’Tis Pity She’ s a Whore </i>dates from the
early 63s. The young love theme of <i>Romeo and Juliet </i>of
almost forty years before is transformed into an incestuous love between a
brother and sister, Giovanni and Annabella. In a corrupt world, their love is
the only pure element; and the tragedy follows their inevitable destiny in an
increasingly negative universe. The play is a deliberate challenge to moral
values and the decline of virtue; but, equally, it was seen by Puritans as
representative of the decadent influence of the Caroline theatre. In their
final scene, Giovanni and Annabella’s love recalls Romeo and Juliet’s:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">giovanni Kiss me again – forgive me.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">annabella With my heart.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">giovanni Farewell!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">annabella Will you be gone?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">giovanni<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Be dark, bright sun,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">And make this mid-day night, that thy gilt rays May not behold a deed
will turn their splendour More sooty than the poets feign their Styx!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">One other kiss, my sister.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">annabella What means this?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">giovanni To save thy fame, and kill thee in a kiss.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Thus die, and die by me, and by my hand! Revenge is mine; honour doth
love command.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%;">Domestic
tragedy<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[<i>Stabs her</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A vein of domestic tragedy, set not in the ‘exotic’ locales used by
Webster and Ford (usually Italy), is seen in plays like Thomas Heywood’s <i>A
Woman Killed with Kindness </i>(63), and two anonymous plays of
approximately the same period – <i>Arden of Faversham </i>(published
592), and <i>A Yorkshire Tragedy </i>(published 68). These are
very English family plays, with a dominant sense of doom and helplessness as
the characters try to escape from the amorous and financial problems which
beset them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Between the Arden family tragedy and the plays of John Ford, there is a
world of difference: from an English setting to the very frequent Italian
setting; from simple language to highly figurative poetic language; from stark,
almost documentary, drama to highly complex interaction of character and
motive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">There is an increasing use of violence and corruption to illustrate the
playwrights’ concerns: but where an early Shakespearean tragedy such as <i>Titus
Andronicus </i>revelled in blood and violence (under the influence of
Seneca) to thrill the audience, the Jacobean and Caroline tragedies have a
deeper purpose: humanity’s weaknesses and corruptibility have seldom found more
vivid illustration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%;">City
comedy<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jacobean city comedy contains several of the themes of domestic tragedy
–unhappy marriages, debts, adultery, and so on. Such comedy makes the audience
laugh at these themes and at the characters who enact them. Thomas
Dekker’s <i>The Shoemaker’ s Holiday </i>(599) is one of the
earliest of city comedies; Thomas Middleton’s <i>A Mad World, My Masters</i>,
from the first decade of the new century, and <i>A Chaste Maid in
Cheapside </i>(63) are among the most successful of the genre.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 123%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p></p><p></p>Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-3850661760538572342024-01-07T09:58:00.000-08:002024-01-07T09:58:27.954-08:00Chapter 3 & 4<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">CHAPTER THREE</div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> (( The Seventeenth Century ))</div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">A Quick Review of the Relevant
Facts about the Period:</div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The
death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 marks the beginning of this literary period.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Elizabeth
I, also known as the Virgin Queen, was childless. Her relation, James Stuart,
succeeded her on England's throne as King James I (in Scotland, his title was
King James VI).</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Elizabeth
I's reign (1558-1603) is known as the Elizabethan period. James I's reign (1603-1625) is known as the
Jacobean period, from the Latin for James, <i>Jacobus</i>.
Charles I's reign (1625-1640) is known as the Caroline period, from the Latin
for Charles,<i> Carolus</i>. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">James
I was an authoritarian who believed kings derived their powers from God, not
from the people. This belief caused political tension between the king, the
Parliament, and the common people—tension that intensified throughout James I's
reign, and culminated in the beheading of his son, Charles I, in 1649.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Between
1642 and 1649, Royalist and pro-parliamentary forces fought a bloody series of
civil wars on English soil.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Following
the execution of the king and the end of the English civil wars in 1649, the
general of the parliamentary forces, Oliver Cromwell, ruled England as a
commonwealth (a democratic state governed without a monarch). Cromwell was known as the "Lord
Protector" of England.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">After
Oliver Cromwell's death in 1658, his son Richard ruled briefly and
ineffectually.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">In
1660, Parliament invited King Charles I's eldest son to return from exile in
Europe to rule England as King Charles II. King Charles II's restoration to
power and England's restoration of monarchical rule give the period that
followed the name the "Restoration". </span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">State and Church (1603-1640)</div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The
state's monetary difficulties during James I's reign were signs of conflict
between the king and his people. The king was not supposed to tax regularly,
except in time of war. However, declining Crown revenues, a demand for court
honors and rewards, and the high costs of a court obsessed with feasting,
drinking, and hunting all led King James I to impose illegal taxes.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">King
James I's peace treaty with Spain (1604) made the Atlantic safe for English
ships and for exploration.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">During
James's reign the first permanent English settlements were established in North
America (at Jamestown) and in the Caribbean. In 1611 the East India Company
established England's first outpost in India. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">In
the north of England, coal mines developed; in the east, newly drained wetlands
yielded crops for the growing population. Appreciation for the practical arts
and technology as a means of improving human life influenced the scientific
theories of Francis Bacon, who in turn inspired other scientists and inventors.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Sixteenth
and seventeenth-century English people argued over many religious questions,
including the form of worship services, the qualifications of ministers, the
interpretation of Scripture, the form of prayer, and the meaning of Communion. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">All
people were legally required to attend Church of England services, and the form
of the services was set out in the Book of Common Prayer.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">In
the 1580s and 1590s, Catholic priests and those who harbored them were executed
for treason. Protestant religious
minorities had suffered persecution too.
Although his mother was the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, James I was
raised in the strict Reformed tradition of the Scottish Presbyterian Kirk and
was consequently welcomed by both parties.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">James
I's impulse towards religious toleration was halted by the Gunpowder Plot of
1605. A group of Catholics packed the cellar next to the Houses of Parliament
with gunpowder, intending to eliminate much of England's ruling class at a
single blast and leave England open to invasion by a foreign, Catholic
power. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Discovery
of the Gunpowder Plot renewed anti-Catholic sentiment in England.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The
most important religious event during James I's reign was his newly
commissioned, elegant, and diplomatic translation of the Bible, which remains
known as the "King James Bible" today.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">James
I's second son, Charles, came to the throne upon his father's death in 1625
(James's first son, Henry, had died of typhoid fever years earlier).</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">King
Charles I was financially more prudent than his father, but his refusal to
allow powerful men and factions a share in the workings of the state alienated
them, and he became cut off from his people. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">While
King Charles was an Anglican, his wife, the French princess Henrietta Maria,
was Catholic. Their love of splendor and ceremony led Puritans to suspect
Charles of popish sympathies.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Puritans
were followers of the sixteenth-century reformer John Calvin. Puritans believed
that salvation depended upon faith in Christ, not good works; they also
believed that God predestined people to be saved or damned.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">King
Charles I's appointment of William Laud as archbishop of Canterbury (the
ecclesiastical head of the English Church) further angered Puritans. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Laud
promoted the idea that God made redemption freely available to all humans, who
could then choose whether or not to accept God's grace and work toward their
salvation by acts of charity, devotion, and generosity to the church.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">In
the 1630s, many Puritans immigrated to the colonies in New England, but those
who remained in England were discontented. </span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Literature and Culture (1603-1640),
Old and New Ideas</div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Writers including John Donne,
Robert Burton, and Ben Jonson invoked inherited ideas even though they were
aware that these concepts were being questioned or displaced. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Old ideas that resonated with these
writers included the Ptolemaic universe (in which the earth is fixed, and other
celestial bodies orbit it); the four elements (fire, earth, water, and air)
that were thought to comprise all matter; and the four humors (choler, blood,
phlegm, and black bile), which were believed to determine a person's
temperament and to cause physical and mental disease when out of balance.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Analogy and order were important
concepts-e.g., the "chain of being" that ordered creation (God, angels,
humans, animals, plants, rocks) had its analogy in the state (king, nobles,
gentry, yeomen, laborers). Each level in this chain has its own peculiar
function, and each was connected to those above and below it by obligations and
dependencies. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">A poet who compares a king to the
king of the beasts is thus not forging an original metaphor so much as
describing something that seemed an obvious fact of nature within this system
of ideas.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">William Harvey's discovery of the
circulation of blood and Galileo's confirmation of Copernican astronomical
theories were among the new ideas that began to be embraced toward the end of
the period. </span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Patrons, Printers and acting
companies</div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Tudor social institutions and
customary practices that supported and regulated writers changed only gradually
before 1640.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The Church of England continued to
promote writings including devotional treatises, tracts, and sermons.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Sermons were designed to explain
Scripture, to instruct and to move, and they reached a large audience both in
church and in print.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Many writers depended upon
aristocratic patrons. Often patronage
took the form of an exchange of favors rather than that of a financial
transaction. A patron might give a poet a place to live, employment, or valuable
gifts of clothing.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The reading public for
sophisticated literary works was small. This audience was concentrated at
court, in the universities, and the Inns of Court (law schools). Manuscript (handwritten) copies were an easy
and effective way to circulate works.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Many writers' works appeared in
print posthumously (e.g., Donne, Herbert, Shakespeare, and Marvell). This
practice, and the circulation of manuscript copies, often makes assigning
concise composition dates to seventeenth-century works difficult.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Printing of literary works became
more common, especially after Ben Jonson collected and printed his own works in
an impressive folio.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Almost all printed works-except
those printed at the universities—were printed in London, as a result of the
monopoly on printing granted to the London Stationer's Company by King Henry
VIII. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">In exchange for the monopoly on
printing, the Stationers were to submit all books for pre-publication
censorship. Responsibility for a printed work, and ownership of that work,
rested with the printer, not the author.
Authorial copyright was not recognized until the early eighteenth
century.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Commercial theater enabled a few
writers (Thomas Dekker, William Shakespeare, and John Webster) to support
themselves professionally. Again, the theater companies, not the playwrights,
owned the texts. Acting companies also
had to submit works to the censor before public performance.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">James I also promoted theater at
court and acted as patron to Shakespeare's acting company, which became known
as the King's Men. The intimate indoor
spaces of court-affiliated theaters and the court's taste both affected the
repertoire of companies like the King's Men. </span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Jacobean Writers and Genres</div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Poets and writers of prose alike
moved towards jagged, colloquial speech rhythms and short concentrated forms.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Writers, most notably Ben Jonson,
John Donne, and George Herbert, promoted new forms including love elegy and
satire (modeled on classical works by Ovid and Horace), epigrams, verse
epistles, meditative religious lyrics, and country-house poems.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Jonson, a Londoner, earned his living
from writing for the commercial and court theaters and receiving patronage for
his poems and his court masques. Jonson
became an influential figure through his decision to collect and print his
works, and his mentorship of a group of young poets (known as the Tribe, or
Sons, of Ben), which included Thomas Carew, Richard Lovelace, Sir John
Suckling, Edmund Waller, Henry Vaughan and Robert Herrick. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Donne, a friend of Jonson's who
also spent much of his life in or near London, wrote poems and sermons that are
intellectually challenging and characterized by learned terms and unusual
analogies. Donne's poems circulated in
manuscript, and most were printed after his death. Critics view Donne as the founder of a
metaphysical school of poets, which included George Herbert, Thomas Carew,
Richard Crashaw, John Cleveland, Abraham Cowley, and Andrew Marvell.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Herbert left a privileged social
position to become an Anglican priest in the small rural parish of
Bemerton. Unlike Jonson's aspiration to
monumental status in print or Donne's showy performances of witty self-doubt,
Herbert's writing promotes other models of poetic agency: the secretary taking dictation from a master
or a musician playing in harmonious consort. Herbert destroyed his secular
verse and left his religious verse to a friend to publish after Herbert's
death.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The prose essay, invented by Michel
de Montaigne, first appeared in English translation in 1603 and influenced
writers including Francis Bacon and Sir Thomas Browne.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Female writers from the nobility
and gentry, who were better educated than most women of the period, began to
appear in print, too. These women included Aemilia Lanyer, the first English
woman to publish a volume of original poems, and Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland,
the first English woman to publish a tragedy. </span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The Caroline Era (1625-1640)</div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">King Charles I and his wife
Henrietta Maria, patronized artists including Peter Paul Rubens and Sir Anthony
Van Dyke. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Court masques during this era
emphasized chivalric virtue and divine beauty or love, as symbolized in the
marriage of the royal pair.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">While courtier poets wrote love
lyrics that celebrated both platonic and physical love, in the world outside
the court, Puritans opposed what they saw as the court's immoral excesses.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">William Prynne exemplifies the most
extreme Puritan views, as well as the inseparability of literature and politics
in this period. Prynne wrote against stage plays, court masques, mixed dancing,
and other forms of entertainment promoted by the court. For expressing these
views in print, Prynne was severely punished: he lost his academic degrees and
his job, was imprisoned, had his books burned and his ears cut off. </span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The Revolutionary Era (1640-1660)</div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The beheading of King Charles I,
which took place on 30 January 1649, was a cataclysmic event in English
history. The assumption that kings ruled by divine right was overturned as
commoners accused the king of treason and executed him.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Some historians believe that
long-term social and economic changes led to rising social tensions and
conflict, particularly among the educated, affluent gentry class, who were
below nobles but above artisans and yeomen in the social order. This class was
growing, but traditional social hierarchies did not grant them the economic,
political, and religious freedoms they desired. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Other historians (the
"revisionists") believe that short-term avoidable causes of the
English civil wars included luck, personal idiosyncrasies, and poor decisions
made by individuals.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Between 1640 and 1660, new concepts
emerged that became central to bourgeois liberal thought for centuries to come―that
is, religious toleration, freedom from press censorship, and the separation of
church and state.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">These ideas came from three
disputed questions: 1) what is the
ultimate source of political power? 2) What kind of church government is laid
down in Scripture and therefore ought to be established in England? 3) What
should the relation be between church and state?</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Frustrated with Parliament's
frequent refusal to endorse taxes that would help the Crown, King Charles I had
dissolved Parliament three times by 1629 and subsequently ruled for more than
ten years without a Parliament at all.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">In 1640, the so-called Long
Parliament convened to assert its rights. Parliament did not disband when the
king would have liked but instead remained in session, abolishing extralegal
taxes, trimming the bishops' powers, and arresting, trying, and executing
Archbishop Laud and the king's minister, the Earl of Strafford. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Parliament disrupted not only the
usual governance of the state and but also the usual censorship of the
press. Weekly news books that reported
on current domestic events from various religious and political perspectives
flourished.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">In July 1642, Parliament voted to
raise an army, and by August, England's First Civil War (1642-1646) had begun.</span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">CHAPTER FOUR</div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">(( The Eighteenth Century )) </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">A Quick Review of the Relevant
Facts of the Period:</div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The Restoration period begins in
1660, the year in which King Charles II (the exiled Stuart king) was restored
to the English throne.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">England, Scotland, and Wales were
united as Great Britain by the 1707 Act of Union.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The period is one of increasing
commercial prosperity and global trade for Britain.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Literacy expanded to include the
middle classes and even some of the poor.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Emerging social ideas included
politeness-a behavioral standard to which anyone might aspire-and new rhetoric
of liberty and rights, sentiment and sympathy. </span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Religion and Politics </div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The monarchical restoration was
accompanied by the re-opening of English theatres (closed during Cromwell's
Puritan regime) and the restoration of the Church of England as the national
church.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Church and state continued to be
closely intertwined. The Test Act of 1673 required all holders of civil and
military offices to take the sacrament in the Anglican Church and deny
transubstantiation; those who refused (e.g., Protestant Dissenters and Roman
Catholics) were not allowed to attend university or hold public office.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">King Charles II, though he
outwardly conformed to Anglicanism, had Catholic sympathies that placed him at
odds with his strongly anti-Catholic Parliament.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Charles had no legitimate heir. His
brother James (a Catholic) was next in line to the throne. Parliament tried to
force Charles to exclude his brother from the line of succession. Charles ended
this "Exclusion Crisis" by dissolving Parliament.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The Exclusion Crisis in a sense
created modern political parties: the Tories, who supported the king, and the
Whigs, who opposed him.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Once crowned, King James II quickly
suspended the Test Act. In 1688, the birth of James's son so alarmed the
country with the prospect of a new succession of Catholic monarchs that secret
negotiations began to bring a new Protestant ruler from Europe to oust James.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">In 1688, William of Orange and his
wife Mary (James's daughter) landed in England with a small army and seized
power-an event known as the Glorious or Bloodless Revolution.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">James II fled to exile in France. For
over 50 years his supporters (called Jacobites, from the Latin<i> Jacobus</i>, for James) mounted
unsuccessful attempts to restore the Stuart line of Catholic kings to the
British throne.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Queen Anne, another of James II's
daughters, was the next monarch (1702-1714). Anne's reign was a prosperous time
for Britain, as the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) created new trade
opportunities.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">England, Scotland, and Wales were
united as Great Britain by the 1707 Act of Union.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">As Anne, like Mary, had no heirs,
the succession was settled upon the royal house of Hanover. A long line of King
Georges (I-IV) ensued, which is why the eighteenth century is also known as the
Georgian period.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">We now associate the term
"Whig" with liberalism and "Tory" with conservatism, but
the principles behind these two parties remained fluid and responsive to
political circumstance throughout the period.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Robert Walpole, a Whig politician
who served under both King George I and George II, held a parliamentary seat
from 1701 until 1742. Walpole was the first man to be described as a
"prime" minister.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">During King George III's long rule
(1760-1820) Britain became a major colonial power. At home and abroad, George
III's subjects engaged with a new rhetoric of liberty and radical reform, as
they witnessed and reacted to the revolutions in France and America. </span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The Context of Ideas</div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The court of King Charles II
championed the right of England's social elite to pursue pleasure and
libertinism.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">King Charles II authorized two new
companies of actors. Women began to appear on stage in female roles.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Dogmatism, or the acceptance of
received religious beliefs, was widely regarded as dangerous.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Charles II approved the Royal
Society for London for the Improving of Natural Knowledge (1662). The Royal
Society revolutionized scientific method and the dispersal of knowledge.</span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The specialized modern
"scientist" did not exist; Royal Society members studied natural
history (the collection and description of facts of nature), natural philosophy
(study of the causes of what happens in nature), and natural religion (study of
nature as a book written by God).</div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The major idea of the period
(founded on Francis Bacon's earlier work) was that of empiricism.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Empiricism is the direct
observation of experience, which infers that experience (including
experimentation) is a reliable source of knowledge. John Locke, George
Berkeley, and David Hume all pursued differing interpretations of empiricism,
and the concept itself had a profound impact on society and literature.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Writers (including women such as
Mary Astell) began to advocate for improved education for women during this
period.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Around 1750, the word
"sentiment" evolved to describe social behavior based in instinctual
feeling. Sentiment, and the related notions of sensibility and sympathy, all
contributed to a growing sense of the desirability of public philanthropy and
social reforms (such as charities for orphans).</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Increased importance was placed on
the private, individual life, as is evident in literary forms such as diaries,
letters, and the novel. </span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Conditions of Literary Production</div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The Stage Licensing Act (1737)
established a form of dramatic censorship in which the Lord Chamberlain
preapproved and licensed all plays for performance in London.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Censorship of other print material
changed radically with the 1710 Statute of Anne, the first British copyright
law not tied to government approval of a book's contents.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Copyrights were typically held by
booksellers.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The term "public sphere"
refers to the material texts concerning matters of national interest and also
to the public venues (including coffeehouses, clubs, taverns, parks, etc.)
where readers circulated and discussed these texts.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Thanks to greatly increased
literacy rates (by 1800, 60-70 percent of adult men could read, versus 25
percent in 1600), the eighteenth century was the first to sustain a large
number of professional authors. Genteel writers could benefit from both
patronage and the subscription system; "Grub Street" hacks at the
lower end of the profession were employed on a piecework basis.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Women published widely.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Reading material, though it
remained unaffordable to the laboring classes, was frequently shared.
Circulating libraries began in the 1740s.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Capital letters began to be used
only at the beginnings of sentences and for proper names, and the use of
italics was reduced. </span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Literary Principles </div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Literature from 1660 to 1785
divides into three shorter periods of 40 years each, which can be characterized
as shown below.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">1660-1700 (death of John Dryden):
emphasis on "decorum," or critical principles based on what is elegant,
fit, and right.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">1700-1745 (deaths of Jonathan
Swift, Alexander Pope in 1744): emphasis on satire and on a wider public
readership. </span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">1745-1784 (death of Samuel
Johnson): emphasis on revolutionary ideas.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">England's Augustan age was modeled
on that of Rome, when Augustus Caesar re-established stability after civil war
following Julius Caesar's assassination. English writers, following the
restoration of King Charles II, felt themselves to be in a similar situation,
in which the arts (repressed under Cromwell) could now flourish.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">English writers endeavored to
formulate rules of good writing, modeled on classical works, but with a new
appeal to the passions, in simple, often highly visual, language. This embrace
of new (<i>neo</i>) aims and old models is
called</span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"neoclassicism."</div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Horace's phrase,<i> ut picture poesis</i> (meaning "as in
painting, so in poetry") was interpreted to mean that poetry ought to be a
visual as well as a verbal art.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Augustan poets began the century's
focus on nature, by examining the enduring truths of human nature.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The classical genres from which
Augustan writers sought to learn included epic, tragedy, comedy, pastoral,
satire, and ode. Ensuring a good fit between the genre and its style, language,
and tone was crucial.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Augustan writing celebrates wit, or
inventiveness, quickness of thought, and aptness of descriptive images or
metaphors.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">The heroic couplet (two lines of
rhymed iambic pentameter) was the most important verse form of Pope's age, for
it combined elegance and wit. Poets also continued to use blank verse (unrhymed
iambic pentameter, not closed in couplets).</span></div></span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; line-height: 123%; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 123%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 123%;">Not just aristocrats and
classically educated scholars wrote verse: ordinary people also began to write
poetry, often featuring broad humor and burlesque, thereby creating a
distinction between high and low verse.</span></div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The Restoration and the Eighteenth
Century (1660-1785)</div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The England to which Charles Stuart
returned in 1660 was a nation divided against itself, exhausted by twenty years
of civil wars and revolution. It is of note that many of the great British
writers of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, like Jonathan Swift, Edmund Burke,
Richard Sheridan, and Oliver Goldsmith, came from Ireland; many, like James
Thomson, James Boswell, and David Hume came from Scotland. One important result
of the political and religious turmoils of the decade following the Popish Plot
was the emergence of two clearly defined political parties: Whig and Tory. The
coming in of William and Mary and the settlement achieved in 1689 were known as
the Glorious or Bloodless Revolution. </div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1662 the Royal Society of London
for the Improving of Natural Knowledge was founded to give official approval to
the scientific movement that Sir Francis Bacon had initiated earlier. The new
science, advanced by members of the Royal Society, was rapidly altering the
views of nature. Indeed, Deism or Natural Religion became of wide appeal to
“enlightened” minds. But if the 18<sup>th</sup> century brought a recognition
of human limitations, it also took an optimistic view of human nature.
Rejecting Hobbes and his materialism, some 18<sup>th</sup> century philosophers
asserted that human beings are naturally good. Such a view of human nature is
labeled as “sentimental”. This doctrine of natural goodness seemed to suggest
that it is civilization that corrupts us. As the wave of <u>sentimentalism</u>
mounted, a parallel rise of religious feeling occurred after about 1740. The
great religious revival known as <u>Methodism</u> was led by John and Charles
Wesley.</div></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The literature of the period
between 1660 and 1785 can be divided to 3 lesser periods of about 40 years each:
the first, extending to the death of Dryden in 1700, may be thought of as the
period in which English <u>neoclassical</u> literature came into being; the
second, ending with the death of Pope in 1744 and of Swift in 1745, brought to
its culmination the literary movement initiated by Dryden and his generation;
the third, concluding with the death of Samuel Johnson in 1784 and the
publication of William Cowper’s <i>The Task</i>
in 1785, was a period that contained the origins of the <u>romantic </u>movement
of the late 18<sup>th</sup> and early 19<sup>th</sup> centuries.</div></span></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></p>Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-71631521707900712882023-03-27T02:17:00.000-07:002023-03-27T02:17:06.462-07:00<blockquote dir="ltr" style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Unit 1: newspapers<br /></span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> <br /></o:p></span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">News<br /></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Life appears to be a shapeless jumble of events. Journalists
each day structure this chaos, so that the public receives it sorted out and
neatly packaged into stories, the same day on the radio, television or online
and the next day in newspapers. But, how do journalists decide what is news and
what is not? How do they distinguish between a big news story and a small one?
For example, which do you think is more interesting?<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">a) A girl going to primary school, to high school, or to university?<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">b) A man aged 25 marrying a girl aged 20, or a man aged 55
marrying a girl aged 15?<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">c) A car killing a chicken, a pig or a child<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Every one of these events might be news for the community in which
it happens, but some are more newsworthy than others.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">You very likely answered that the most interesting things
were a girl going to university, a man aged 55 marrying a girl aged 15, and a
car killing a child. If your answer was different, though, it does not necessarily
mean that you were wrong.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The criteria by which news is judged are:<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Is it new?<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Is it unusual?<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Is it interesting or significant?<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Is it about people?<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">If it is not new, it cannot be news. The execution of former
Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein is unusual, interesting, significant and about
people, but it cannot possibly be reported in tomorrow's papers because it is
not new. If some facts about that execution became known for the first time,
however, that would be news. The assassination would not be new, but the
information would be.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Events which happened days or even weeks earlier can still be
news, as long as they have not been reported before. If a newspaper is telling
a story for the first time, it is new to the readers or listeners and therefore
it is news. News of the death of Mao, for instance, was not released to the
world by the Chinese government for several days; when they did release it,
however, it was still very definitely news.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Newspapers<br /></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Though the term 'newspaper' leaves the impression that it
contains only news, a typical English newspaper, in addition to news, contains
other matter which may not be strictly defined as news: editorials, personal
and syndicated columns, letters to the editor, lifestyle, comic strips and
cartoons, cross-word puzzles, horoscopes, classified ads, recipes, etc.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Despite the advent of such powerful rival forms of mass media
as television and the radio, and more recently the internet, the newspaper
still remains a powerful source of news and information and serves as an
influential medium in keeping people informed about what is happening in the
world and, thereby, in extending their knowledge and deepening their
understanding.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Newspapers vary in terms of circulation. Circulation is the
total number of copies of a newspaper distributed to subscribers and vendors in
one day. Some newspapers are nationally published and have a large circulation;
some are published locally with a small circulation.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Newspapers publish with varying frequency. Some newspapers
come out twice a week, once a week, once a month, four times a year, or even
less often. However, most newspapers are dailies, i.e. they publish every day.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The copies of a newspaper published in a single day are
referred to as that day's issue. For example, the newspaper copies published on
June 2 are referred to as June 2's issue. Furthermore, in a single day, a
newspaper may be published more than once, e.g. once in the morning and once in
the afternoon. The copies published for a specific time of the day is referred
to as that time's edition, e.g. "Morning Edition", or "Evening
Edition". Daily newspapers print at least one edition every weekday.
Morning editions, printed in the predawn hours, cover newsworthy events of the
previous day. Evening editions are printed in the afternoon and include information
about events that happened earlier that day. Most dailies also offer a larger
weekend edition.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">News Production<br /></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">News production is a staged process in which several people
are involved. The first stage starts with the journalist/reporter. Using many input
sources, the journalist/reporter produces a story on an event (each news
article covering an event is called a news story). He gathers up scattered
pieces of information and weaves them into one text, i.e. the news story. The
story produced then goes to the editors and undergoes editing. Editing allows
an independent expert to assess the content and style and spot the problems the
journalist/reporter may have missed. The editors' profession is cutting and
modifying the story. To improve the story and increase its news value, the
editors may make some changes in the text of the story. For example, they may
delete some information as some (background) information, substitute some words
for others change the grammatical structure of some sentences, and so on. The
final text then goes to a second group of editors. They are superfluous, add
responsible for the prominence the story receives in the newspaper and how it
is displayed. This group of editors write headlines for news stories, decide on
the visual means and devices used in the newspaper, provide captions to the
photographs, determine the layout of the newspaper pages and the position of
news stories an other items on those pages, select the proper style and size of
typeface, and so on.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">All news stories, once written, are edited and put in special
places in the newspaper. Whether they are published, the length, the
prominence, the position on the page, and whether or not pictures appear with
them will depend on their importance compared with other news stories to be
printed the same day.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">News Presentation<br /></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Newspapers present news through three kinds of codes:
linguistic, typographic, and graphic (code here refers to any kind of system
which may be employed for communication). The linguistic code refers to the
linguistic signs, i.e. words, phrases, sentences used to convey the meaning,
both denotative and connotative, of news stories to the reader. The typographic
code refers to typographic devices such as the size and type of font or style
of letters (bold, italic, italic bold) used in printing news stories, and the
graphic code is meant here to be the photographs, paintings, charts, graphs,
etc. which accompany news stories. Given the fact that a growing amount of
space is being given to visual images in newspapers, the graphic code need a
little elaboration here.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">A photo is a medium of recording reality and there are some
features affecting the meaning conveyed by it. These include: photo position
and size, camera angle of view, gaze direction and facial expression. Each of
these features communicates a different meaning and elicits a different
response from the reader.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The shot size used in a photo is one of the most obvious
factors affecting the meaning of the image. Basically, the size of a photo
ranges from a close-up (a shot that shows a character's face in great detail so
that it fills the screen or the frame) to a long shot (showing all or most of a
fairly large subject, e.g. a person, and usually much of the surroundings). The
closer a shot is to an object or a person, the more intimate the viewer/reader
is to the object or the person, and the more private the view.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The angle of the shot also conveys specific meanings to the
viewer. The alternatives here are: high angle (looking down on a person from
above) is interpreted as making that person look small, insignificant, unlikely
to win, vulnerable, helpless (connoting weakness); low angle (looking at a
person from a position lower than the person) is interpreted to make that
person look powerful, superior, important, likely to win, and in control
(connoting power and authority); and eye-level angle (looking at a person from
a position on the same level with the person, neither higher nor lower) is
interpreted to connote equality.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Gaze directions and facial expressions of people in photos
carry specific connotations. It makes a difference whether the person in the
photo is looking in the camera and smiling or looking away from the camera with
a reflective pose. Pictures can make a person, a group, or a political party
look good, bad, selfish, silly, cruel etc. Which photos a newspaper chooses to
use can heavily influence the public's perception of a person or an event.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">To elaborate on the issue, we choose two news stories and
analyze the three codes used in presenting the stories. The first story is on
the murder of a policewoman by a criminal. As regards the typographic code, the
story starts with a headline, which has been printed in big-sized typeface to
attract the readers' attention to the topic of the story. Bold and big-sized
subheadings are also employed to break up the text of the story and direct the
reader in making meaning of the text as well as to make clear the points that
the newspaper thinks to be of particular significance to the understanding of
the news story.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">As for the linguistic code, the story begins with a headline
reading "SCANDAL OF PSYCHO FREED TO KILL HERO COP NINA." The headline
provides a framework on which to build the meaning of the news story. The story
uses orally based vocabulary as well as dramatic and sensational language. This
can be seen in the first sentence of the news story that reads "A violent
cop-hating nut killed brave WPC Nina Mackey after a catastrophic catalogue by
Crown prosecutors and police allowed him to roam free." The story also
employs alliteration for emphasis as in "catastrophic catalogue" and
"scandal of psycho." The colloquial vocabulary items (e.g. cop) used
in the story connote familiarity and informality. The story implies familiarity
with the victim (Nina Mackey), who is referred to throughout the story as
'Nina' (the alternatives could be her full name or her professional capacity)
where as a distance is created between the reader and the killer, who is
referred to throughout the story by his surname, Elgizouli. This strategy of
distancing the reader from the criminal encourages the reader to have no
sympathy with the killer.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">As for the use of photos in the news story, two photographs
of the killer and the killed have been placed on the upper part of the front
page to attract the readers' attention. The size of the photographs of the
individuals differs considerably with the killer being represented as
significantly bigger than the killed. This bigger size connotes dangerousness
and frightfulness of the killer. The photograph of the police officer in her
uniform suggests her being a public servant. Also, the police officer's photo
is presented in a photograph-like oval frame, which connotes sentimentality,
and elevates her position in comparison to the killer. The emotionalism is
carried over into the other picture run by the newspaper, which shows the
coffin of the police officer carried by her colleagues.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Finally, regarding the gaze directions of the two people the
newspaper runs a photo of the offender looking away from the camera. The
connotations of the photo would change if the offender was looking directly at
the camera and smiling; instead he is pictured Newspapers looking away from the
camera with a blank expression connoting arrogance, cold-bloodedness and lack
of emotion.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The second story is about the Hollywood actress Cameron Diaz
suffering from a skin problem. The story is a product of paparazzi photography.
The name 'paparazzo meaning an intrusive photographer was first used in 1960 in
Federico Fellini's film La Dolce Vita. Since then, it has been deployed to
designate both the impertinent photographer who takes pictures of celebrities
at official occasions, as well as the 'stalker' who, armed with a bazooka- like
long-lens camera, follows every move of a famous person trying to take shots of
him or her in a private or intimate situation. The most distinctive feature of
these photos is that the famous people portrayed in them did not pose since
they were completely unaware that a picture was being taken. As a result,
paparazzi photographs are usually in sharp contrast to the official posed
photographs of celebrities.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">In order to mark the contrast between the private self and
the public appearance of the celebrity, paparazzi photographs are
conventionally juxtaposed with official images of celebrities or with the
images of the characters they play in, for example, soap operas. Therefore,
many stories containing huge shots of celebrities taken by a paparazzi
photographer provide also a small-sized posed portrait for comparison.
Sometimes, however, the very discrepancy between paparazzi pictures and
'official' photographs might be the main or even sole subject of a news
article.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">As for the typographic code, the story is headed by a big
headline taking up the whole width of the page. Below the pictures there is a
sub-headline giving more explanation about the story.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">As regards the linguistic code, this story, too, uses
dramatic and sensational language. Stylistic devices are employed in the
headlines to create special effects (see Unit 2 for more on special effects).
The main headline employs intertextuality making a reference to the title of
the movie Mask in which Diaz starred. The sub-headline employs alliteration
(... beauty is battling ...) and metaphorization (the beauty is battling, i.e. fighting
a war against an enemy, the skin problem) to attract attention and emphasize
the seriousness of the problem.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">As for the graphic code, there are three pictures used for
the story. The close-up picture is a paparazzi photograph. It shows her without
make-up; she has red spots on her face and does not even look very fresh. The
picture is matched with two similarly framed glamour pictures of her, and thus,
highlights the difference between the paparazzi and posed pictures. The
juxtaposition of the pictures of Diaz wearing make-up and without reveals an
interesting fact. The sharp contrast between the real (private) self of Diaz
and Hollywood version of her is the sole concern of this juxta -position. These
photographs perfectly illustrate the newspaper's attempt to, literally, tear
down, the public façade of the celebrity and expose her real self.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Codes sometimes work in conjunction with each other to convey
meaning or present information. A story about a plane crash used the headline
AND THEY ALL LIVED. This only carries meaning because it was accompanied by a
picture of the crashed plane. In the front page on the next page see how the
linguistic code works in conjunction with the graphic code as well as the
typographic code (note the big headline set against a black background to
attract attention).<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Types of Newspapers<br /></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Newspapers are divided into two types: broadsheets (or
broadsheet newspapers) are large-sized newspapers, and are printed on a size of
paper known as broadsheet, hence this term. They are sometimes referred to as
the qualities, or the heaviest (referring to the weekend editions of certain
broadsheets which contain so many pages that they are physically quite heavy to
carry). Broadsheets are considered to be informative and objective, keeping
news and opinion or comment firmly apart. Aimed at higher social groups,
broadsheets are often more intellectual in content than their tabloid
counterparts, examining stories in more depth and carrying sensationalist and
celebrity stories less often. They present the reader with serious news, which
is supported with detailed and informed analysis and comment on economic,
political, social, and Broadsheets have plainer layout (little color on the
front page and smaller typeface) and smaller pictures. Such newspapers in
Britain include The Times, the Guardian, the Independent, and the Daily
Telegraph, and in the U.S. the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the USA
Today.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Tabloids (or tabloid newspapers) are newspapers whose are
about half the size of broadsheet newspapers. They are sometimes referred to as
the popular newspapers and far exceed the broadsheets in their sales.
Typically, tabloids have colorful front pages with many photographs, and
attention-grabbing, appealing, shocking, and often very big headlines,
sometimes taking up more than half of the front page. They mostly focus on
sensational stories, often concerning crime, sex, and scandal involving
prominent figures, celebrities, and personalities in the public eye. Aimed at
lower social groups, tabloids are considered to be more entertaining than
informative in terms of news coverage, so much so that tabloid is frequently
used in a pejorative sense when talking about the press collectively. Such
newspapers in Britain include the Sun, the Daily Mirror, and the Daily Star,
and in the U.S. New York Post, Daily News, and Boston Herald. The following are
tabloid news stories.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Types of news<br /></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">News is basically divided into two types: hard news and soft
news. Hard news generally refers to news articles covering serious and
significant events such as crimes, disasters, wars, etc. Hard news stories may
report local, national or international events and cover different topics such
as politics, business, sport, health, etc.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Soft News, on the other hand, refers to amusing,
light-hearted, less serious articles intended to entertain, inform, or instruct
readers on things they will enjoy.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Front Page<br /></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The first page of a newspaper is called the front page. It is
the most important page of a newspaper and plays a very significant role in its
success since it is the page people see first when they see the newspaper. It
can be regarded as the showcase of a newspaper. It sells the newspaper to the
people in much the same way as a department store windows sell its merchandise
to passers-by.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The newspaper editors are well aware of the importance of the
front page, and they select and arrange the information on the front page very
carefully. They exercise great discretion in their placement of stories and
place the news they consider most important or most likely to sell the
newspaper on the top half of the front page. Attention-getting and impressive
headlines usually accompany these stories. The editors also use visual effects,
typographical devices, i.e. different typefaces and font sizes, and impressive
photographs to make the front page as attractive as possible.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Newspapers' editors use different page layouts and
arrangements for their newspapers' front pages. In fact, the front page is a
newspaper's opportunity to stamp its individuality among other newspapers,
However, there are some features shared by the front pages of almost all
newspapers.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">First, the front page is a précis of the whole newspaper and
summarizes the main stories to be found on the inside pages. These stories
usually appear partially, and less often in full, on the front page. The reason
for this is that there is not enough space for all the major stories to be
fully placed on the front page. The common practice is, therefore, to start
stories on the front page (to attract people) and then continue them on inside
pages.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Second, almost all front pages carry a lead story. To the
editors of a newspaper, one of the stories on the front page is more important
than others. This story is called the lead story. The lead story is often
indicated by heavier, larger headline type than those used for other stories,
and is usually accompanied by a photo.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Third, since photographs are informative and attractive
devices for wining people's attention, the front page always carries a few
photographs which relate to front page stories, specially the lead story.
Forth, the front page usually contains hard news stories, i.e. breaking stories
having occurred since the previous issue of the newspaper, and soft news stories
appear on the front page less often.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The analysis of a newspaper's front page reveals to us a lot
of information about the culture, interests, and values of the country in which
the newspaper is published. It also provides us with some clues as to the
newspaper's political and social orientation. For instance, the news stories
selected for the front page, specially the one selected as the lead story, the
way they are headlined, the pictures accompanying the news stories, the page
lay-out, etc. are all indicators of the newspaper's editors and owners'
possible party affiliation or political stance, the approach they take toward
social matters, the values they stand up for, and so on.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Structure of a News Story<br /></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Different types of texts vary in terms of, among other
things, organization or the way they present information. For example, the
following structure is used when writing a personal letter:<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Salutation</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">the
greeting to the reader<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Body</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">the
message of the letter<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Closing</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">taking
leave of the reader<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The writer starts his letter with such expressions as 'Dear
sir, 'Dear Mary' etc. Then he goes to the main purpose for which he is writing
the letter. Finally, he would close his letter by such expressions as 'Truly
Yours', 'Yours', 'Love', etc.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">To write a research paper, the writer would not start his
paper with a salutation, i.e. to address the readers as 'Dear sirs', 'Dear
students', etc. Rather, he would start his paper with an abstract or summary of
his study, then he would write an introduction to the topic under
investigation, and then he would review the literature, Le. discussing the
previous research that is relevant to the study, and so on.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Likewise, a special structure is used for writing short
stories, prayers, scientific papers, political speeches, etc. These differences
in structure and organization have been well established over time and are
often adhered to in writing.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The news story, too, has its own structure or way of
presenting information. Over time and through experience journalists and news
writers have found the optimal structure for the news stories they write, one
most in keeping with the tempo and needs of our time.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">Unlike a normal story that starts at its eginning and
proceeds step by step to its coclusion, a reporter starts his news story with
its climax, that is, he includes the most important facts in the lead
paragraph. He summarizes the story at the beginning and then in the next
paragraphs retells the story in greater detail. These characteristics give the
news story its unique structure and shape.<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">In general, a news story as it strikes our eyes on the
newspaper page can be divided into three parts:<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The headline<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The lead paragraph<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The Body of the story<br /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: justify;">The next three units cover each part in detail.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p></blockquote>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-43420965279861549502023-01-20T06:45:00.002-08:002023-01-20T06:47:55.046-08:00An Introduction to Literature<blockquote dir="ltr" style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .9pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Japanese Quince</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By John Galsworthy</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Setting</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The story takes place at the start of the 20th century in London.
The main character and his neighbor both work in "the city," which is
London's commercial area.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Characters</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr. Nilson is a London businessman who seems to be in perfect
health but has some worrying symptoms.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr. Tandram lives right next door to Nilson. He is also in
business, and his symptoms are the same as Nilson's.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Point of View</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The narrator tells the story from a third-person point of view.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Interpretation and Theme</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The point of the story is that many people live boring, ordinary
lives but don't want to change. They are in a routine. Galsworthy says that Mr.
Nilson is a person like this.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilson lives in a nice part of London and seems to make a lot of
money as an investor in London's financial district. So, he has everything he
needs to live an interesting life. He doesn't have the motivation to get more
involved in the world around him. He has lived next door to Mr. Tandrum
for five years but has never spoken to him until the strange smell brings them
together at the quince tree.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Both men are about the same height, have mustaches, carry
newspapers, and do business in the financial district. This tells the reader
that they are not very different from each other. They are part of the large
group of men who live quiet, ordinary lives.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Climax</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">When Nilson hears Tandram cough and sees him look out the window
at the Japanese quince, this is the most exciting part of the story. At this
point, Nilson realizes that he and Tandram are the same and have the same
boring lives.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Symbols</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The Japanese Quince</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Japanese quince is a small bush or tree with pink or red flowers
that bloom in early spring. Mr. Nilson says in the story that they are
fruitless... The Japanese quince, which is full of colorful blossoms, is a
symbol of rebirth. Its smell tells Nilson and Tandram that they, too, could
start a new life if they just tried.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The Blackbird</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The blackbird is kind of a foil character and contrasts Mr.
Nilson/Tandram. The blackbird uses its skills and abilities, but Mr.
Nilson and Mr. Tandrams' lives are boring without their skills and
individuality. (Maybe it has a negative role because of its color.)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.25pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The Lottery</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.25pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.25pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Literary
Period:</b> Modernism</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Genre:</b> Realistic
Fiction; Dystopian Literature</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Setting:</b> A
rural small town, mid-twentieth century</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Climax:</b> Tessie
Hutchinson is stoned to death by her neighbors, which reveals the purpose of
the mysterious annual lottery.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Antagonist:</b> The
tradition of the lottery, the human inclination toward violence</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 14.7pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Point
of View:</b> Third Person</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 14.7pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>protagonist:</b> Tessie
Hutchinson</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 14.7pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Characters</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tessie Hutchinson</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> is the woman chosen by chance to be sacrificed. At the end
of the story, the villagers stone her to death. Tessie gets to the lottery late
and says she forgot what day it was. When the Hutchinson family is chosen in
the lottery, her pleasant attitude as she jokes with her neighbors changes in a
big way. She tries to say that the way the drawing was done wasn't fair.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Davy Hutchinson</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr. Joe Summers</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> is the village's unofficial leader and runs the lottery. Mr.
Summers does a lot of volunteer work for the community. He plans square dances,
teen club meetings, and the Halloween party. The other villagers feel sorry for
him because he doesn't have any kids and his wife is mean.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Old Man Warner is the oldest person in the village. He is the
voice of tradition for the other people in the village. He talks a lot about
how important it is to keep the lottery going. He says that if it stopped,
society would go back to a primitive state, which would cause a lot of other
problems.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mrs. Janey Dunbar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Jack Watson</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bill Hutchinson</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Themes</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">THE JUXTAPOSITION OF PEACE AND VIOLENCE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The first part of "The Lottery" is a description of a
day with beautiful details and a warm tone. This is a sharp contrast to the
story's violent and dark ending. Peace and violence are shown side by side, and
the strange and cruel tradition of the lottery is shown in contrast.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">HUMAN NATURE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In "The Lottery," Jackson looks at the basics of human
nature. He asks if all people are capable of violence and cruelty, and he looks
at how the structure of society can hide, direct, or emphasize these natural
tendencies.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">FAMILY STRUCTURE AND GENDER ROLES</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the first round of the lottery, one person from each family
chooses a folded square of paper. This is a part of the tradition.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">THE POWER OF TRADITION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the story, the villagers do the lottery every year because they
have always done it. The fact that this is a traditional practice and that the
story implies that other villages are breaking with it by ridding of the
lottery shows how powerful tradition can be for people.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">DYSTOPIAN SOCIETY AND CONFORMITY</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Jackson's "The Lottery" came out in the years after
World War II, when the full truth about Nazi Germany and the Holocaust was
known to everyone. Jackson's dystopian society in her story was a clear
response to the fact that "dystopia" isn't just something made up in
the mind; it can also happen in the real world.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Symbols</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">STONES</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">By doing this over and over, the stones become a symbol of the
violence that people seem always ready to do.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">THE BLACK BOX</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The villagers draw the slips of paper for the lottery from the
black box. This is a tradition, so the black box has a special meaning for the
villagers. Even though it's not the original box used for the ritual, the
villagers don't want to "upset tradition" by replacing it.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">THE NOTATED PIECE OF PAPER</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">There is only one dark dot on the slip of paper that shows who the
victim of the lottery is each year. Spots and marks are often signs
of illness, so the appearance of the dot means that a person is marked for
death as if he or she were sick and dangerous to others.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The Guest</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By Albert Camus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Setting</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the early 1950s, after a snowstorm, the story takes place on a
deserted plateau in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Characters</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Daru</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> was born in Algeria to French parents. He teaches in a
school. As a French citizen, he has to work with the colonial government in
Algeria. But as a resident who was born in Algeria, he feels it's against his
honor to turn in the Arab villager who is accused of killing someone. This
situation makes him feel as alone as the empty land where he lives. Daru shows
how the author felt. He loved both France and Algeria and hated that they were
at war with each other.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The Arab</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">: Algerian villager accused of killing his cousin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Balducc</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">i is a Gendarme who takes the Arab from El Ameur to the school
where Daru teaches. He thinks that the Arab is the one who killed the person.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Type of Work and Narration</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Camus uses an omniscient third-person point of view to show
what the main character, Daru, is thinking, and he uses a limited third-person
point of view to hide what the other two characters are thinking.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Themes</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Self-Determination</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Before Balducci and the Arab came, Daru did what the French
government told him to do. Daru refuses to help when people in El Ameur tell
him to take an Arab prisoner to the police station in Tinguit. He decides to go
against authority because he has become aware of his independent spirit. Daru
must start making his own decisions based on what his conscience tells him to
do.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Isolation and Loneliness</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Daru's life forces him to be alone and isolated in the following
ways:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1. His place in society as a French citizen who lives in Algeria.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2. His choice to not follow the French order to turn over the Arab
prisoner at the Tinguit police station.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">3. His lonely environment. He teaches at a school high in the
Atlas Mountains, on a plateau. He doesn't live next to anyone. Nearby, there
are no bars, theaters, or stores.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Injustice of Colonialism</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Between 1500 and 1900, European powers dominated and
governed other countries to use them for their own political, economic,
and military benefit. The Algerians violently rebelled against the French.
"The Guest" criticizes the French occupation of Algeria.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Climax</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The story's climax happens when Daru decides to let his prisoner
go. This decision shows that he is no longer under the control of the
government. It also gives the Arab a chance to choose his fate. It also gives
the Arab a chance to choose his fate.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Symbols</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">French colonialism is shown by a <b>blackboard drawing of the
rivers of France</b>. The picture shows that learning about the rivers of
France is more important to Algerian children than learning about the geography
of their own country (situational irony).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Untying the prisoner's hands</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> is a sign that Daru is taking a step
toward being free of other people's ideas. When he frees the prisoner, Daru
starts to rebel against the French government on a philosophical level.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Desolate mountain plateau</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">, which represented Daru's isolation as a Frenchman born in
Algeria who was stuck between two warring groups. The vast, empty landscape
could also represent the author's emotional emptiness after he stopped
believing in God.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.85pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Clay</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.25pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Literary
Period:</b> Modernism</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Genre:</b> Short
story; modernism; realism; symbolism</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Setting:</b> Dublin,
Ireland</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Climax:</b> Maria
places her hand on a lump of clay in a Hallow Eve game</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Antagonist:</b> Maria’s
loneliness and insecurity (There is both internal and external conflict in the
story.)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Protagonist:</b> Maria
(static and round character)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Point
of View:</b> Third person limited</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Tone:</b> Nostalegic,
Tragic</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Style:</b> Easy,
Understandable</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Characters</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The protagonist in "Clay," <b>Maria</b>, is a
middle-aged woman who has never married and works at a laundry in Dublin. Even
though she is liked at work and known as a "peacemaker," her
relationships with other people are superficial and sometimes painful. Joe
Donnelly is her only close friend. She nursed him when he was a child, and he
is now married, While he asks Maria to stay with him. Throughout the
story, Maria says or thinks one thing but feels another. When other people make
her feel uncomfortable, for example, she often makes herself laugh to hide how
she feels.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Joe Donnelly</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">, Maria's best friend, and a static, flat character, is the host
of the Hallow Eve party at the center of the story. He is Mrs. Donnelly's
husband and the father of several kids. Maria has known Joe his whole life
because she cared for him and his brother Alphy when they were young. Joe sees
Maria as his "real mother," and he tries to help her. Joe sees Maria
as his "real mother," and he tries to help her.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mrs. Donnelly</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> is Joe's wife. She is always kind to Maria. On Hallowe'en,
Mrs. Donnelly agrees with Maria that Joe and Alphy should get back together,
and she yells at the girls next door for bringing the clay that makes Maria
look bad during the game.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Joe Donnelly's brother is <b>Alphy Donnelly</b>, with whom
Joe no longer talks for unknown reasons. Maria took care of both Alphy and Joe
when they were young, and she tries to "put in a good word for him"
with Joe at the Hallow Eve party, which suggests that she still talks to Alphy.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Next-Door Girls</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Themes</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">LONELINESS AND ESTRANGEMENT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In "Clay," a middle-aged woman named Maria who isn't
married has trouble connecting with other people. Maria works with a lot of
people and talks to strangers when she's out in the city, but most of these
interactions aren't deep.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">SADNESS AND REPRESSION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">By describing what Maria is thinking, Joyce shows a woman who is
trying to see the good in things. Maria tries to be happy, but it's clear that
her life is hard, especially since she's not married and lives in a society
that thinks marriage is the best thing for a woman.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">PARALYSIS AND STAGNATION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maria's life stays extremely unchanged throughout
"Clay." Her job at the laundry is boring, but she'll never leave it.
She won't even move in with her best friend Joe Donnelly because she's
"used" to living the way she does.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Peace and Understanding</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Symbols</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>RINGS</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In "Clay," the characters play games on Hallow's Eve
where they pick objects that are supposed to tell them about their future. In
these games, picking a ring means getting married, but for Maria, rings
represent a future that she wants but can't have.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">CLAY</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the story's Hallow Eve game, finding a lump of clay means that
the player will soon die. But for Maria, this might not mean death in the
literal sense. Instead, it might mean the end of her hopes for the future and
the total stagnation of her life.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">BLINDFOLD</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the Hallow Eve game at the Donnelly house, players have to put
on blindfolds and choose an object that is said to tell their future. Because
of this, blindfolds are linked to knowing the future, and they show that a
person has no control over their fate.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The family represents Ireland. And the fighting between the two
brothers is a symbol of the civil war between Northern and Southern Ireland.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.25pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">That Evening Sun</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.25pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">by William Faulkner</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.25pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.25pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Literary
Period:</b> Modernist</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Genre:</b> Southern
Gothic</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Setting:</b> Jefferson,
Mississippi, a fictional town in the fictional county</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 54.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Climax:</b> Nancy,
convinced that her husband Jesus is waiting in the ditch outside her house and
plans to kill her, persuades the Compson children to come home with her; the
group waits anxiously in Nancy’s cabin as footsteps approach outside. These
footsteps belong to the Compson children’s father, however, who takes them
home, leaving Nancy alone in her cabin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 54.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Protagonist:</b> Nancy
(who is a static and round character)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.25pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Antagonist:</b> Jesus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 14.95pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Point
of View:</b> First person limited; the story is narrated by the adult
Quentin Compson, who is looking back on his childhood</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Characters</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The narrator of "That Evening Sun," <b>Quentin
Compson</b>, tells the story as an adult looking back on his childhood memories
of Nancy, the black servant who worked for the Compson family and was fated to
die.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Nancy</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> is the Compson family's black servant who fills in for
Dilsey when she is sick. Because of her race and social condition, Nancy is
very poor and has to work as a prostitute. Nancy is scared that her husband,
Jesus, is waiting in the ditch outside her house and wants to kill her. Nancy
is pregnant with a baby from a white man, and she feels like she can't protect herself
from Jesus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Caddy Compson</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Jason Compsson</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> is the youngest of the Compson children. He is only about
four years old when the story takes place.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr. Compson</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> is Quentin, Caddy, and Jason's father. He is a rich white
man, and Nancy and Dilsey work for him as servants. Even though Mr. Compson is
kind to Nancy (he lets her stay in the house one night and walks her home when
she is afraid of Jesus), he treats her with rudeness and disregard.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Jesus</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">, Nancy's violent husband, is a threatening character throughout
the story. Jesus, who carries a razor, says he will kill the man who got Nancy
pregnant, and Mr. Compson has told Jesus to stay away from their property. Even
though Jesus was violent, the reader does feel some sympathy for him.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mrs. Compson</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr. Stovall</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Themes</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">RACISM AND SEGREGATION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In "That Evening Sun," the story takes place in the
fictional town of Jefferson, Mississippi in the early 1900s. Even though
slavery ended in 1862, black people still didn't have civil rights and faced a
lot of racism at the time of the story. They often worked as servants for the
same white families who had owned their grandparents as slaves. The tragic way
Faulkner writes about Nancy, a black servant who works for the white Compson
family and also as a prostitute, shows how racial segregation hurts people.
Faulkner's story shows how the effects of slavery continued for a long time
after it was abolished. It also shows that racial segregation is bad for
everyone, including white people.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Lack of Understanding</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">NAIVETY, IGNORANCE, AND NOSTALGIA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Faulkner uses the innocent views of the children to show that
racial categorization is childish and to criticize the nostalgic way that many
white people, including Quentin, came to see the south as black people won more
rights in society.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">FEAR AND VULNERABILITY</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In "That Evening Sun," Nancy is shown to be a weak
character in several ways. Because black people did not have civil rights at
this time, no one can help her. She is physically more vulnerable to men's
threats because she is a woman, and she is also vulnerable because she is poor
and has to make a living any way she can.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Symbols</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>THE DITCH</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The ditch in front of Nancy's cabin comes to represent the
difference in race between the black and white characters in the story. The
ditch divides the part of town where white people live from "Negro
Hollow," where black characters like Nancy and Dilsey live.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">DARKNESS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In "That Evening Sun," the darkness is a symbol of
Nancy's fear and the unspoken horror of death that lies behind what happens.
Nancy is afraid of the dark, especially the dark road outside her cabin, which
she thinks is where her husband Jesus is waiting to kill her.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.7pt; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Young Goodman Brown</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.7pt; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Genre:</b> Short
story, allegory</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Setting:</b> 17th
century Salem, Massachusetts</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Climax:</b> When
Goodman Brown calls on Faith to resist the devil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Antagonist: </b>The
devil, the hypocrisy of the Puritans</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.6pt; margin-left: 53.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• <b>Point
of View</b>: Third person</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.7pt; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Characters</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Goodman Brown</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">: Goodman is a young man from Salem, Massachusetts. He is
married to Faith, whom he thinks is the best and pure person in the world. He
wants to meet the devil, so he goes into the woods in the middle of the night.
The devil shows him that all the respected Puritans Goodman has looked up to
are actually hypocrites and devil worshippers and that Faith is also tempted by
the devil. Even if Goodman's adventure is just a dream, it ruins his life and
makes him doubt his faith, his family, and his community. He lives to be old
and dies a very unhappy person.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Faith</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">: At first, Faith, Goodman Brown's young wife, seems to be the
picture of innocence, as shown by the pink ribbons on her cap. Goodman thinks
she is an angel and that her name, "Faith," fits her well.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The Devil</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">: The devil first appears as Goodman's grandfather, carrying a
staff that looks like a snake. He later comes back as a dark figure. He meets
Goodman Brown in the woods and shows him how all the Puritan leaders he admires
are lying.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The father of Goodman Brown</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">, died before the story began. Goodman Brown thinks he sees his
father's face in the smoke at the devil's conversion ceremony, telling him to
worship the devil.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Themes</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">THE HYPOCRISY OF PURITANISM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Hawthorne sets "Young Goodman Brown" in the New England
town of Salem, where the infamous Witch Trials happened and where the Puritans
tried to make a religious society with strict morals and religious norms. The
Puritans thought that God chose some people to go to heaven and that those
people can be recognized by how moral and religious they are. People can't earn
their way to heaven by doing good things, but if they are part of the elect,
they will naturally do good things.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">LOSING FAITH AND INNOCENCE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the story "Young Goodman Brown," a young man named
Goodman Brown loses his innocent faith in religion. Goodman Brown loses his
innocence when he has a vivid dream in which he goes into a dark forest and
sees all the faithful people in his life gathered around a fire for a witches'
conversion ceremony, with the devil watching from above.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">NATURE AND THE SUPERNATURAL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Hawthorne uses the forest to show how wild and scary nature is,
which is very different from the religious and orderly town of Salem.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">SAINTS VS. SINNERS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The Puritan religion said that everyone on earth was either a bad
person who was going to hell or a good person who was going to heaven.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">FAMILY AND INDIVIDUAL CHOICE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Young Goodman Brown talks about many generations of the Brown
family, including both Goodman Brown's ancestors and his children and
grandchildren. Goodman Brown has to decide if he wants to do what his ancestors
did, for better or for worse, or if he wants to do things his way and break
with family tradition.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Symbols</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">FAITH'S PINK RIBBONS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the first few paragraphs of the story, when Faith tries to get
Goodman Brown to stay home, Hawthorne draws attention to her pink ribbons. The
pink ribbons are a sign of faith and purity.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">THE DEVIL'S SERPENT STAFF</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">When Goodman Brown meets the man Hawthorne later says is the
devil, Hawthorne points out that the man's staff looks like a black snake and
almost moves like a real snake. The man's staff strongly suggests that he is
evil and supernatural. It also connects "Young Goodman Brown" to the
Bible story about how a snake tried to get Adam and Eve to eat the fruit from
the tree of knowledge.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p></blockquote>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-75854693346640496552022-06-28T08:14:00.000-07:002022-06-28T08:14:25.236-07:00Journey to the afterlife<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"> The first book of The Divine Comedy describes the levels of Hell, and the ways in which
punishments are tailored to the sins of individuals. The souls of flatterers, for example, spend
eternity buried in excrement, a reminder of the excrement that they spoke on Earth. Seducers
are tormented by horned devils who crack their whips over them until they become lumps of
well-beaten flesh. In his visceral descriptions of the punishments and layout of Hell, Dante
invites readers to reflect on their own failings, to change direction, and to live in harmony with
other people and with God.
When their journey to the bottom-most reaches of Hell is complete, Dante and Virgil begin the
ascent of Mount Purgatory, with its circular terraces. Purgatory is a place for sinners who lived
selfishly on Earth, but showed enough remorse to offer hope for salvation. In
Purgatory, they may purge themselves in preparation for entering Heaven. As they climb the
mountain, passing through seven levels representing the seven deadly sins, Dante and Virgil
meet individuals painfully working to overcome the flaws that led to their sins. Proud souls, for
example, carry huge stones on their backs while they learn humility.
Once out of Purgatory, Beatrice takes over as Dante’s guide: this is because Virgil was born
before Christ and therefore could not enter the “Blessed Realms”. Beatrice can be seen as the
eternal feminine guide, the heart and soul of humankind. It is she who intervenes for Dante’s
salvation, and through her, Dante comes to understand the love of God.</span></p>Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-24983474967342170812017-04-15T11:30:00.001-07:002017-04-15T11:34:29.755-07:00موسم عاشقی<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">در نمازم خم ابروی تو با یاد آمد<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">حالتی رفت که محراب به فریاد آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Compset";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">از من اکنون طمع صبر و دل و هوش مدار<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کان تحمل که تو دیدی همه بر باد آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Compset";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">باده صافی شد و مرغان چمن مست شدند<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">موسم عاشقی و کار به بنیاد آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Compset";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بوی بهبود ز اوضاع جهان میشنوم<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">شادی آورد گل و باد صبا شاد آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Compset";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ای عروس هنر</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">!</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">از بخت شکایت منما<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">حجلۀ حُسن بیارای که داماد آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Compset";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دلفریبان نباتی همه زیور بستند<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دلبر ماست که با حسن خداداد آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Compset";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زیر بارند درختان که تعلق دارند<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ایخوشا سرو که از بار غم آزاد آمد!</span></b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Compset";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">مطرب! از گفتۀ <b>حافظ</b> غزلی نغز بخوان<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تا بگویم که ز عهد طربم یاد آمد</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "b compset";"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b compset"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfbolmX1uR_aPPM_42fRoL3TR-cyWTOgeAilbBoDaL0jzqxDTdhfQPeAWT152wbO_xaOZv7c5eXZMhIJ02zNf9k_skjhh4JAjaz9HmmDGIRLgPbrgSQgrgkVjqGBUz8RD0y5a_nMJnDR4/s1600/Taalloq1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfbolmX1uR_aPPM_42fRoL3TR-cyWTOgeAilbBoDaL0jzqxDTdhfQPeAWT152wbO_xaOZv7c5eXZMhIJ02zNf9k_skjhh4JAjaz9HmmDGIRLgPbrgSQgrgkVjqGBUz8RD0y5a_nMJnDR4/s400/Taalloq1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbaDOjT5JmybXkixUTA1i9cMNWVwb-l8URpOta4lU9Uz25Vjd0nP0AlHB-bYHMbrNg8MPZI_4ObgXaGXlVVuPvGcClUFUBVrqU67M3oOwKac2ScsM1mbiMDfKUIGxjhbMb8KVjPkhTeZ4/s1600/Taalloq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbaDOjT5JmybXkixUTA1i9cMNWVwb-l8URpOta4lU9Uz25Vjd0nP0AlHB-bYHMbrNg8MPZI_4ObgXaGXlVVuPvGcClUFUBVrqU67M3oOwKac2ScsM1mbiMDfKUIGxjhbMb8KVjPkhTeZ4/s400/Taalloq.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Compset";"><br /></span></div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-54187609077280084362016-12-21T10:39:00.002-08:002016-12-21T10:42:39.342-08:00شهرآشوب<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">اگر آن ترک شیرازی بهدستآرد دل ما را<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به خال هندویش بخشم سمرقند و بخارا را</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بده ساقی مِی باقی که در جنت نخواهی یافت<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کنار آب رکن آباد و گلگشت مصلا را</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">فغان کاین لولیان شوخِ شیرینکار شهرآشوب<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چُنان بردند صبر از دل که ترکان خوان یغما را</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ز عشق ناتمام ما جمال یار مستغنی است<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به آب و رنگ و خال و خط چه حاجت روی زیبا را؟</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">من از آن حُسن روزافزون که یوسف داشت دانستم<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که عشق از پردۀ عصمت برون آرد زلیخا را</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">اگر دشنام فرمایی وگر نفرین، دعا گویم<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">جواب تلخ میزیبد لب لعل شکرخا را</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نصیحت گوش کن جانا که از جان دوستتر دارند<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">جوانان سعادتمند پند پیر دانا را</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">حدیث از مطرب و مِی گو و راز دهر کمتر جو<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که کس نگشود و نگشاید به حکمت این معما را</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">غزل</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گفتی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">و</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> دُر سفتی، بیا و خوش بخوان <b>حافظ</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بر</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نظم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تو</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">افشاند</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">فلک</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عِقد</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ثریا</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">را</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMqdAYUImoKnj1poc9hOFTfxX_SEvO0QjTLKKfRRXhgw4BslbaP1YE7-6dsSQMRDJciaWOoHzLx14WvxHu0wJWPHmOsOW3Rq5c7OCFedcBCSYIz0AmTpeBLCNwDCLsnkNrdi6TxDNM_yA/s1600/Sharon.stone23434232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMqdAYUImoKnj1poc9hOFTfxX_SEvO0QjTLKKfRRXhgw4BslbaP1YE7-6dsSQMRDJciaWOoHzLx14WvxHu0wJWPHmOsOW3Rq5c7OCFedcBCSYIz0AmTpeBLCNwDCLsnkNrdi6TxDNM_yA/s640/Sharon.stone23434232.jpg" width="450" /></a></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-66417247750449113852016-10-01T23:18:00.000-07:002016-10-01T23:18:37.077-07:00قرار<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">چو عشق
را هوس بوسه و کنار بود</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">که را قرار بود جان</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: FA;">؟</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">که را قرار
بود؟</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">شکارگاه
بخندد چو شه شکار رود</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ولی چه گویی آن دم که شه شکار بود؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">هزار ساغر
می نشکند خمار مرا</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">دلم چو مست چنان چشم پرخمار بود</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">گهی که
خاک شوم، خاک ذرهذره شود</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">نه ذرهذره من عاشق نگار بود؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ز هر غبار
که آواز هایوهو شنوی</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">بدان که ذره من اندر آن غبار بود</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">دلم ز آه
شود ساکن و ازو خجلم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">اگر چه آه ز ماه تو شرمسار بود</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">به از صبوری
اندر زمانه چیزی نیست</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ولی نه از تو که <b>صبر از تو سخت عار بود</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ایا به
خویش فرورفته در غم کاری</span></b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">تو تا برون نروی، از میان چه کار بود؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">برو تو
<b>بازده اندیشه را</b> بدو که بداد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">به شه نگر، <b>نه به اندیشه</b> کان نثار بود</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">چو</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">تو</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">نگویی</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">،</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> گفت تو
<b>گفت او</b> باشد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">چو</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">تو</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">نبافی</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">،</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">بافنده</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">کردگار</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">بود</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p><br /><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">از دیوان کبیر<br /></span></b></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b><img src="http://static.rogerebert.com/uploads/movie/movie_poster/shame-2011/large_wo6j31YThvs8VPTv9DAI3StSoby.jpg" /></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-64549553977475481232016-08-26T22:05:00.000-07:002016-08-26T22:11:46.331-07:00در حماسه و نکوهش حسودان و سخنی در حکمت<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">هر زمان زین سبزگلشن رخت بیرون میبرم<br />
عالمی از عالم وحدت به کف میآورم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تخت و خاتم نی و کوس <b>رب هب</b></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">لی</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> میزنم<br />
طور آتش نی و در اوج انا الله میپرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">هرچه <b>نقش نفس</b> میبینم</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">،</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به دریا میدهم<br />
هر چه <b>نقد عقل</b> مییابم، در آتش میبرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گه به حد منزل از سدره سریری میکنم<br />
گه به قدر همت از شعری شعاری میبرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">داده</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "sakkal majalla"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <b>نه چرخ </b>را در خرج <b>یک دم</b> مینهم<br />
زاده</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "sakkal majalla"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <b>شش روز</b> را بر خوان
<b>یک شب</b> میخورم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گرچه طبع از آبنوس روز و شب زد خرگهم<br />
ورچه دهر از لاجورد آسمان کرد افسرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">از برون تابخانه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "sakkal majalla"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> طبع یابی نزهتم<br />
وز ورای پالگانه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "sakkal majalla"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> چرخ بینی منظرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گر بپرم بر فلک، شاید که میمونطایرم<br />
ور بچربم بر جهان، زیبد که والاگوهرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">باختم با پاکبازان عالم خاکی به خاک<br />
وز پی آن عالم اینک در قماری دیگرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ساختم <b>آیینه</b></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "sakkal majalla"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> دل</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">، یافتم آب حیات<br />
گرچه باور نایدت، هم <b>خضر</b> و هم <b>اسکندر</b>م</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بردم از <b>نراد</b> گیتی یک <b>دو داو</b> اندر <b>سه
زخم<br />
</b>گرچه از <b>چار آخشیج</b> و <b>پنج حس</b> در <b>ششدرم</b></span><br />
<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span style="font-family: "b zar";"><b><br /></b></span><img src="http://www.beytoote.com/images/stories/fun/dice-e1.jpg" /><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">هاتف همت <b>عسیان یبعثک</b> آواز داد<br />
عشق با طغرای <b>جاء الحق</b> درآمد از درم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">من چو <b>طوطی</b> و <b>جهان</b> در پیش من چون <b>آینه</b>
است<br />
لاجرم <b>معذورم</b> ار جز خویشتن میننگرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">هرچه عقلم از پس آیینه تلقین میکند<br />
من همان معنی به صورت بر زبان میآورم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">پیش من جز <b>اختر</b> و <b>بت</b> نیست <b>آز</b> و <b>آرزو<br />
</b>من <b>خلیلآسا</b> نه مرد بت، نه مرد اخترم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بر زبان گر <b>نعبد الاصنام</b> راندم تاکنون<br />
دل به <b>انیلااحبالافلین</b> شد رهبرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">در مقام عز عزلت در صف دیوان عهد<br />
راست گویی روستمپیکار و عنقاپیکرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">قوت <b>عرق عراق</b> از مادت طبع من است<br />
گرچه <b>شریان</b> دل <b>شروانیان</b> را نشترم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">فقر کان افکنده</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> خلق است، من برداشتم<br />
زال کان رد کرده</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> سام است، من میپرورم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">در قلاده</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <b>سگ نژادان</b> گرچه کمتر مهرهام<br />
در طویله</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <b>شیر مردان</b> قیمتیتر
گوهرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عالم از آوازه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <b>خاقانی</b> افروزم ولیک<br />
همت از آوازه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> خاقانی آمد برترم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">این تفاخر نقطه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> دل راست وین دم زان اوست<br />
ورنه من خود را در این میدان ز مردان نشمرم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">جاه را بردار کردم</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> تا فلک گفت: ای خطیب<br />
نایب من باش، اینک <b>تیغ</b> و اینک <b>منبرم</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p><img src="http://vista.ir/include/articles/images/2e0398d4105b166bf172d827ec9b9307.jpg" /></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-91836049372173909902016-08-15T10:26:00.000-07:002016-08-15T10:30:05.226-07:00تریاق<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">این بار من یکبارگی در عاشقی پیچیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">این بار من یکبارگی از عافیت ببریدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دل را ز خود برکندهام</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">،</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">با چیز دیگر زندهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عقل و دل و اندیشه را از بیخ و بن سوزیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ای مردمان، ای مردمان، از من نیاید مردمی</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دیوانه هم نندیشد آن کاندر دل اندیشیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">امروز عقل من ز من یکبارگی بیزار شد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">خواهد که ترساند مرا پنداشت من نادیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">من از برای مصلحت در حبس دنیا ماندهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">حبس از کجا؟ من از کجا؟ مال که را دزدیدهام؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">در حبس تن غرقم به خون وز اشک چشم هر حرون</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دامان خون آلود را در خاک می مالیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چندانک خواهی درنگر در من که نشناسی مرا</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زیرا از آن کم دیدهای من صدصفت گردیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">در دیده من اندرآ وز چشم من بنگر مرا</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زیرا برون از دیدهها منزلگهی بگزیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تو مست مست سرخوشی، من مست بیسر سرخوشم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تو عاشق خندان لبی، من بیدهان خندیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">من طرفه مرغم کز چمن با اشتهای خویشتن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بیدام و بیگیرندهای اندر قفس خیزیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زیرا قفس با دوستان خوشتر ز باغ و بوستان</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بهر رضای یوسفان در چاه آرامیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">در زخم او زاری مکن، دعوی بیماری مکن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">صد جان شیرین دادهام تا این بلا بخریدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چون کرم پیله در بلا در اطلس و خز می روی</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بشنو ز کرم پیله هم کاندر قبا پوسیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">پیش طبیبش سر بنه؛ یعنی مرا تریاق ده</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زیرا در این دام نزه من زهرها نوشیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تو پیش حلوایی جان، شیرین و شیرین جان شوی</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زیرا من از حلوای جان چون نیشکر بالیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عین تو را حلوا کند، به زان که صد حلوا دهد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">من لذت حلوای جان جز از لبش نشنیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">هر غورهای نالان شده کای <b>شمس</b> تبریزی بیا</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کز خامی و بیلذتی در خویشتن چغزیدهام</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><img src="http://www.belgaumtoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Opium.jpg" height="250" width="400" /></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-59798548742331767052016-08-08T10:25:00.000-07:002016-08-08T10:25:20.981-07:00در این شبگیر<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کدامین جام و پیغام صبوحی مستتان کرده ست ای مرغان؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که چونین بر برهنه شاخههای این درخت برده خوابش دور</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">غریب افتاده از اقران بستانش در این بیغوله</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> مهجور</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">قرار از دست داده، شاد می شنگید و میخوانید؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">خوشا، دیگر خوشا حال شما اما</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">سپهر پیر بدعهد است و بی مهر است، میدانید؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کدامین جام و پیغام؟ </span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">اوه</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar"; mso-bidi-language: FA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بهار، آن جا نگه کن، با همین آفاق تنگ خانه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ٔ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> تو باز هم آن کوهها پیداست</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">شنل برفینه شان دستار گردن گشته، جنبد، جنبش بدرود</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زمستان گو بپوشد شهر را در سایههای تیره و سردش</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بهار آن جاست ها، آنک طلایه روشنش چون شعلهای در دود</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بهار این جاست در دلهای ما، آوازهای ما</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">و پرواز پرستوها در آن دامان ابرآلود</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">هزاران کاروان از خوبتر پیغام و شیرینتر خبرپویان و گوش
آشنا جویان</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تو چه شنفتی به جز بانگ خروس و خر؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">در این دهکور دورافتاده از معبر</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چنین غمگین و هایاهای</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کدامین سوگ می گریاندت ای ابر شبگیران اسفندی؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">اگر دوریم، اگر نزدیک</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بیا با هم بگرییم ای چو من تاریک!</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="FA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;"><br />
<b>مهدی اخوان ثالث<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="FA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="FA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;"><img src="http://toptoop.ir/files/pic/nojavan/10/toptoop.ir%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%20%D8%B4%D8%A8%20%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%20(2).jpg" /></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-44590306041156695412016-08-05T04:13:00.002-07:002016-08-05T04:16:11.613-07:00کی بود؟ کی بود؟<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کی بود؟ کی بود از اول، روز و شب</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">و</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">جدا کرد؟</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ماه و ستاره ها رو تو آسمون رها کرد</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کی بود رو شونه کوه ترمه توری انداخت؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">از دل ابر تیره، برف بلوری انداخت</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کی بود؟ کی بود از اول خاک زمینو گِل کرد؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">این برهوت خشکو دوزخ اهل دل کرد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کی بود که آسمونو تو چشم آدما ریخت؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به گنبد بلندش ستاره ها رو آویخت</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کی بود؟ کی بود از اول تو دریا کشتی انداخت؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تو چار دیوار دنیا مرغ بهشتی انداخت</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کی بود که آدما رو از آسمون رها کرد؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بال فرشته ها رو از تنشون جدا کرد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ما که اسیر شهر آهن و سنگ و دودیم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کاشکی همه بدونیم یه روز فرشته بودیم<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ترانه عبدالجبار کاکایی</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p><img src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/f1/1c/dd/f11cdd571de71f2ae186246b86c90321.jpg" /></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-62431882782923809872016-08-03T01:09:00.001-07:002016-08-03T01:09:31.348-07:00آرایش مهتاب<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">واسه آرایش مهتاب</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">،</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">منت سرمه کشیدن دیگه بسه </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">توی تاریکی شبها، سرخورشید بریدن دیگه بسه </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دخترا قربونی تیغ تعصب های کور</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">توی تاریخ جهالت زنده زنده توی گور<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دخترا زندونی و مصرفی و خونه نشین</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نقره اما بی عیار، حلقه اما بی نگین<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تنشون ارزونی هر کی که جنگو ببره</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تنشون ارزونی هر کی جواهر بخره<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">یکی پیدا نمی شه عاطفه مهرشون کنه</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نه با پول و سکه، با ترانه سحرشون کنه<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">یکی نیست توی نگاش مهربونی کاشته باشه</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چشماشو به خاطر سادگی دوست داشته باشه<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">مردای قصه کجان؟کاش از کتابا دربیان</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کاش می شد از پس این ظلم زمونه بربیان<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ترانه شاهکار بینش پژوه</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<img height="300" src="http://www.tarafdari.com/sites/default/files/contents/user48542/news/thumbnail/khnjr.jpg" width="400" /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-30440323437022719972016-08-01T01:22:00.004-07:002016-08-01T10:40:37.691-07:00شقایق<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">برا عاشق بخون، برا شقایق بخون</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بخون از دل بخون کولی عاشق بخون</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بخون از شب تار، صیاد و صید بیزار</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دوتا جون تبدار تو موج و قایق بخون<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ای شقایق! گل عاشق!<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">باغبون دریا گل شقایقت کو؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">شب تیره و مه، فانوس قایقت کو؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ابرا ماهو بردن به دیو شب سپردن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چشم به راه صبحیم خورشید عاشقت کو؟<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ای شقایق! گل عاشق!<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">پریای دریا، شمعای سینه سوخته</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گریه رازتونو بخواین نخواین فروخته</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">سر عشقتونو ما به کسی نگفتیم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چیه لب هاتونو کی مثل غنچه دوخته؟<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ای شقایق! گل عاشق!<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ناز چشمات به از این نیست</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">جز تو هیچکس نازنین نیست<br /><br /><b>ترانه علی معلم</b></span><br />
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><img src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/42/e0/5e/42e05e75e520206da39b3a9a17f1feed.jpg" /></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-73966001697520251452016-07-31T04:31:00.000-07:002016-07-31T04:32:17.649-07:00محله بنده نواز<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">یه شهر سبز دلنواز،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دامن کوه و دشت ناز</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بگی نگی رو به فراز،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">اون طرف پل نیاز</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تو کوچه سوز و گداز</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بن بست راز،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">محله بنده نواز</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">آی قبیله! خداتون عاشقه، داغ عاشقی شقایقه</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زن و عطر و نماز حقایقه، راز عاشقای صادقه</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">روی دریای خون یه قایقه</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بن بست راز،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">محله بنده نواز</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">از بام هوا در باد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کاشانه ام افتاد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عاشق شدم و مجنون،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دل خانه ات آباد!</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ای زلف سیاهت شب!</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">مات رخ ماهت شب</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عشق تو به بادم داد،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دل خانه ات آبا</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">د!<br />
<br />
<b>ترانه علی معلم</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><img height="225" src="https://ar.qantara.de/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow_wide/public/uploads/2016/02/16/01823644140300.jpg?itok=t7rQfYih" width="400" /></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-55443024323062889722016-07-28T11:07:00.002-07:002016-07-28T11:11:48.081-07:00واحه ای در لحظه<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />به سراغ من اگر میآیید</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">پشت هیچستانم<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">پشت هیچستان جایی است</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">پشت هیچستان رگهای هوا، پر قاصدهایی است</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که خبر میآرند از گل واشده دورترین بوته خاک</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">روی شنها هم نقشهای سم اسبان سواران ظریفی است که صبح</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به سر تپه معراج شقایق رفتند<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">پشت هیچستان، چتر خواهش باز است</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تا نسیم عطشی در بن برگی بدود،</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زنگ باران به صدا میآید</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">آدم اینجا تنهاست</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">و در این تنهایی، سایه نارونی تا ابدیت جاری است<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به سراغ من اگر میآیید،</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نرم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">و</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">آهسته</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> بیایید؛ مبادا که ترک بردارد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چینی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نازک</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تنهایی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">من<br />
<br />
<b>سهراب سپهری</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><img src="https://digiato.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/chiharu-shiota-in-silence-thread-wrapped-piano-for-art-basel-designboom-07.jpg" /></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-79095480643193810172016-07-24T01:20:00.001-07:002016-07-24T01:28:57.928-07:00پریشان<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">آن <b>دوست</b> که من دارم وان <b>یار</b> که من دانم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">شیرین دهنی دارد دور از لب و دندانم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بخت این نکند با من کان <b>شاخ صنوبر</b> را</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بنشینم و بنشانم</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">،</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گل بر سرش افشانم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ای روی دلارایت، مجموعه زیبایی!</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">مجموع</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> چه غم دارد از من که <b>پریشانم</b>؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دریاب که نقشی ماند از طرح وجود من</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چون یاد تو میآرم، خود هیچ نمیمانم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">با <b>وصل</b> نمیپیچم وز <b>هجر</b> نمینالم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">حکم آن چه تو فرمایی من بنده فرمانم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ای خوب تر از لیلی بیم است که چون مجنون</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عشق تو بگرداند در کوه و بیابانم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">یک پشت زمین دشمن</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> گر روی به من آرند</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">از روی تو بیزارم گر <b>روی بگردانم</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">در دام تو محبوسم، در دست تو مغلوبم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">وز ذوق تو مدهوشم، در وصف تو حیرانم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دستی ز غمت بر <b>دل</b>، پایی ز پیت در <b>گل</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">با این همه صبرم هست وز روی تو نتوانم<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">در خفیه همینالم وین طرفه که در عالم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عشاق نمیخسبند از ناله پنهانم<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بینی که چه گرم <b>آتش</b> در <b>سوخته</b> میگیرد؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تو گرم تری ز آتش من سوخته تر ز آنم<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گویند</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">مکن</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <b>سعدی</b> جان در سر این <b>سودا</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گر</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">جان</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">برود</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">شاید</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">من</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زنده</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">جانانم</span><br />
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<img src="http://www.troy-movie.stasi.co.uk/troy-movie-film/troy/troy-greek-army.jpg" height="262" width="400" /></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-82293204565948951012016-07-18T22:52:00.001-07:002016-07-18T22:52:36.477-07:00امیر بی گزند<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عجب سروی! عجب ماهی! عجب یاقوت و مرجانی!</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عجب جسمی! عجب عقلی! عجب عشقی! عجب جانی!<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عجب لطف بهاری تو! عجب میر شکاری تو!</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دران غمزه چه داری تو؟ به زیر لب چه میخوانی؟<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عجب حلوای قندی تو! امیر بیگزندی تو</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عجب ماه بلندی تو که گردون را بگردانی<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عجبتر از عجایب ها، خبیر از جمله غایب ها</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">امان اندر نوایی ها، به تدبیر و دوا دانی<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ز حد بیرون به شیرینی چو عقل کل بره بینی</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ز بیخشمی و بیکینی به غفران خدا مانی<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زهی حسن خدایانه! چراغ و شمع هر خانه</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زهی استاد فرزانه! زهی خورشید ربانی!<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زهی پربخش این لنگان! زهی شادی دلتنگان!</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">همه شاهان چو سرهنگان غلامند و توسلطانی<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به هر چیزی که آسیبی کنی، آن چیز جان گیرد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چنان گردد که از عشقش بخیزد صد پریشانی<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">یکی نیم جهان خندان، یکی نیم جهان گریان</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ازیرا شهد پیوندی، ازیرا زهر هجرانی<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دهان عشق میخندد، دو چشم عشق میگرید</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که حلوا سخت شیرین است و حلواییش پنهانی<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">مروح کن دل و جان را! دل تنگ پریشان را</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">گلستان ساز زندان را برین ارواح زندانی!<br /><br /><b>مولانا</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><img src="http://fashnews.ir/images/upfiles/20150707/60219678157893767157.jpg" /></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-10981475674309696862016-07-17T10:47:00.002-07:002016-07-17T10:47:42.924-07:00باغ عالم<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">منم که شهره شهرم به <b>عشق ورزیدن</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar"; mso-bidi-language: FA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">منم که دیده نیالودهام به <b>بددیدن</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">وفا</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> کنیم و <b>ملامت</b> کشیم و خوش باشیم</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که در طریقت ما کافری است <b>رنجیدن</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به پیر میکده گفتم که چیست راه نجات</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بخواست جام می و گفت <b>عیب پوشیدن</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">مراد دل ز تماشای باغ عالم چیست؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به دست مردم چشم از رخ تو گل چیدن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به می پرستی از آن نقش خود زدم بر آب</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که تا <b>خراب</b> کنم نقش <b>خودپرستیدن</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به رحمت سر زلف تو واثقم ور نه</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">کشش چو نبود <b>از آن سو</b> چه سود کوشیدن؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">عنان به میکده خواهیم تافت زین مجلس</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که وعظ <b>بی عملان</b> واجب است نشنیدن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ز خط یار بیاموز مهر با رخ خوب</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که گرد <b>عارض خوبان</b> خوش است گردیدن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">مبوس</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">جز</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">لب</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> ساقی و جام می <b>حافظ</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">که</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">دست</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">زهدفروشان</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">خطاست</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;">بوسیدن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "B Zar"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p><br /><img src="http://hw8.asset.lenzor.com/lp/7352325-7047-l.jpg" /></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4517521154691602257.post-58623538949464443202016-06-27T00:44:00.000-07:002016-06-27T00:46:13.047-07:00نظرقربانی<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">شب مهتاب و ابر پاره پاره</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به وصل از سوی یار آمد اشاره</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">حذر از چشم بد، در گردنم کن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نظرقربانی از ماه و ستاره</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">دلی دارم به وسعت آسمانی</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">درو هر خواهشی چون کهکشانی</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نمیری، شور ِ خواهش ها، نمیری</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بمانی، عشق ِ خواهش زا، بمانی!</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نسیم کاکل افشان تو</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ا</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">م من</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">پریشان گرد ِ سامان توام من</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">پریشان آمدم تا آستانت</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">مران از در! که مهمان توام من</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">فلک با صدهزاران میخ ِ نوری</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نوشته بر کتیبه شرح ِ دوری</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">اگر خواهی شب دوری سراید</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">صبوری کن، صبوری کن، صبوری</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">شب مهتاب اگر یاری نباشد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">بگو مهتاب هم، باری، نباشد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نه تنها مهر و مه، بل چشم ِ روشن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نباشد، گر به دیداری نباشد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">زمین پوشیده از گُل، آسمان صاف</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">میان ما جدایی، قاف و تا قاف</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به امید تو کردم زیب ِ قامت</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">حریر ِ خامه دوز و تور ِ گلباف</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">شب مهتاب یارم خواهد آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گُلم، باغم، بهارم خواهد آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به جام چِل کلید گل زدم آب</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گشایش ها به کارم خواهد آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چو از در آمدی، رنگ از رُخم رفت</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">نه تنها رنگ ِ رخ، بل رنگِ <b>هر هفت</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چنان لرزد دلم در سیم ِ سینه</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">که لرزد سینه در دیبای زربفت</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">شب مهتاب یارم از در آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">چو خورشید فلک روشنگر آمد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">خود</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">گفتم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> شبی با او غنیمت</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">به</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">محفل</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">تا</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">درآمد</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">شب</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">سرآمد<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ترانه سیمین بهبهانی</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "b zar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "B Zar";"><o:p><img src="http://wall.patoghu.com/file/101/600x338/16:9/%D9%BE%D8%B3-%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_1721596747.jpg" /></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Maziar.Moammarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049832304725696552noreply@blogger.com0